Research progress on reactive oxygen species production mechanisms in tumor sonodynamic therapy

Table 1 Application of sonodynamic therapy in different tumors

Cancer type	Sonosensitizer	Therapeutic parameters	Result	Ref.
Glioma	Ce6	0.6 W/cm2, 60 s	SDT inhibits xenograft tumor growth by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting mitochondrial autophagy	[80]
Breast cancer	Mn-MOF	1.0 MHz, 0.9 W/cm2, 30% duty cycle	Mn-MOF catalyzes the in situ production of O2 to alleviate tumor hypoxia and reduce GSH and GPX4, which contributes to ROS formation and iron death, thereby killing cancer cells	[81]
Melanoma	Ce6	2.0 MHz, 2.0 W/cm2, 20% duty cycle	The combination of SDT and aPD-L1 immunotherapy effectively inhibits tumor infiltration and promotes activation of cytotoxic T cells, resulting in strong anticancer immunity and long-term immune memory, effectively inhibiting melanoma growth	[82]
Pancreatic cancer	Hematoporphyrin	1.0 MHz, 3.0 W/cm2, 50% duty cycle	SDT exerts antitumor effects by suppressing the expression of immunosuppressive T-cell phenotypes	[83]
Cervical cancer	IR780	2.5W/cm2, 20 s	IR780 selectively positions the nanoparticles into the mitochondria of cancer cells, and generates the acoustic droplet vaporization effect after perfluorohexane phase transition to achieve the synergistic treatment of tumors	[84]
Ovarian cancer	ICG	1.0 W/cm2, 1 min	SDT in combination with PDT and oxaliplatin can increase antitumor effects, enhance immunological potency and improve dual-mode imaging	[85]
Prostate cancer	hematoporphyrin	1.0 MHz, 3.5 W/cm2, 30% duty cycle, 3.5 mim	pH- and histone B-responsive nanoparticles combined with SDT have a significant induced cytotoxic effect on prostate cancer cells and can effectively treat cancer	[86]
Gastric cancer	Pyropheophorbide-lipid	1.0 MHz, 1.0 W/cm2, 50% duty cycle, 3 min	Construction of an ultrasound microbubble using pyrophosphorylated lipids in combination with trastuzumab for the synergistic treatment of HER2-positive gastric cancer with sonodynamic therapy and antibody therapy	[87]
Lung cancer	DVDMS	0.5MHz, 0.5 W/cm2, 10% duty cycle, 5 min	DVDMS in combination with SDT exerts antitumor effects via the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis signaling pathway and the extrinsic apoptosis pathway	[88]

Ce6: Chlorin e6; Mn-MOF: Manganese metal-organic framework; GSH: Glutathione; GPX4: Glutathione peroxidase 4; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; SDT: Sonodynamic therapy; PDT: Photodynamic therapy; aPD-L1: anti-Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 antibody; ICG: Indocyanine Green; HER2: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; DVDMS: Dinoporphyrin sodium.