Proteinuria in paediatric patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection

Table 1 Features of proteinuria in different human immunodeficiency virus-associated kidney diseases in children

Type of proteinuria	Laboratory findings	Clinical findings
Glomerular proteinuria	Proteinuria: Urine protein to creatinine ratio > 200 mg/g	HIV associated nephropathy
	Microalbuminuria: Urine albumine to creatinine ratio > 30 mg/g
	Macroalbuminuria: Urine albumine to creatinine ratio > 300 mg/g
Tubular proteinuria	Proteinuria: Urine protein to creatinine ratio > 200 mg/g	Infections or atazanavir use
	Urine albumine to creatinine ratio < 30 mg/g
	Proteinuria: Urine protein to creatinine ratio > 200 mg/g	Fanconi syndrome associated with tenofovir use
	Urine albumine to creatinine ratio < 30 mg/g
	Glycosuria with normal glycemia
	Increased fraction excretion of phosphorus
	Reduced fraction excretion of uric acid

HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus.