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1
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Dargent JL, Hérin M, Fayt I, Noël JC. Periungual Cyst or Pseudocyst Featuring Low-Grade Dysplasia Associated With High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infection: A Cystic Presentation of Human Papillomavirus-Related Intraepithelial Neoplasia of the Nail Bed? Am J Dermatopathol 2025; 47:412-414. [PMID: 39983055 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000002950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2025]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Dargent
- Department of Pathology, Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique (IPG), Gosselies, Belgium; and
| | - Michel Hérin
- Department of Pathology, Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique (IPG), Gosselies, Belgium; and
| | - Isabelle Fayt
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Noël
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), Brussels, Belgium
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2
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Wei Y, Chen P, Wu H. Gigantic occipital epidermal cyst in a 56-year-old female: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2024; 12:1169-1173. [PMID: 38464927 PMCID: PMC10921299 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i6.1169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gigantic epidermal cysts (GECs) are rare benign skin appendicular tumours also known as keratinocysts. GECs have a high incidence and their wall is made up of epidermis. Epidermal cysts can occur in any part of the skin; clinical manifestations include skin colour hemispherical swelling; cystic; mobile; 0.5 cm to several centimetres in diameter; and slow growth. CASE SUMMARY Herein, we report a case involving a 56-year-old female with a GEC in the occipitalia. On July 25, 2023, a patient with a GEC was admitted to the neurosurgery Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University. The phyma was shown to be a solid mass during the operation and was confirmed to be a GEC based on pathological examination. CONCLUSION Epidermal cysts are common cystic nodules on the surface of the body, the aetiology is unclear, the clinical manifestations can vary, and the misdiagnosis rate is high. However, giant epidermal cysts are rare. In most cases, however, the prognosis is satisfactory. This paper analyses and summarizes the population, location, clinical and pathological characteristics and pathogenesis of the disease to strengthen the understanding of this disease and improve the accuracy of clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
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3
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Ren WW, Wu L, Wang Q, Shan DD, Wang LF, Chen ZT, Li L, Sun LP, Guo LH, Xu HX. The Value of Ultrasound for Differentiating Trichilemmal Cysts From Epidermoid Cysts. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2023; 42:1941-1950. [PMID: 36896489 DOI: 10.1002/jum.16211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of ultrasound (US) in differentiating trichilemmal cysts (TCs) from epidermoid cysts (ECs). METHODS Based on clinical and ultrasound features, a prediction model was established and validated. 164 cysts in the pilot cohort and another 69 in the validation cohort diagnosed with TCs or ECs histopathologically were evaluated. The same radiologist performed all ultrasound examinations. RESULTS For clinic features, TCs tended to occur in females compared with ECs (66.7 vs 28.5%; P < .001). In addition, TCs were prone to occur in the hairy area compared with ECs (77.8 vs 13.1%; P < .001). For ultrasound features, the internal hyperechogenicity and cystic change were more likely to appear in TCs in comparison with ECs (92.6 vs 25.5%; P < .001; 70.4 vs 23.4%; P < .001, respectively). Upon the features mentioned above, a prediction model was established with the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves of 0.936 and 0.864 in the pilot and validation cohorts, respectively. CONCLUSIONS US is promising for differentiating TCs from ECs and is valuable for their clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Ren
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultrasound Diagnosis and Treatment, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Wu
- Department of Dermatologic Surgery, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultrasound Diagnosis and Treatment, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan-Dan Shan
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultrasound Diagnosis and Treatment, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Fan Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Tong Chen
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultrasound Diagnosis and Treatment, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Dermatologic Surgery, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Ping Sun
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultrasound Diagnosis and Treatment, Shanghai, China
| | - Le-Hang Guo
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultrasound Diagnosis and Treatment, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Xiong Xu
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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4
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Kawase M, Koda M, Egawa K. Human papillomavirus type 60 - Associated epidermoid cysts recurring in the same location on the knee. J Dermatol 2023; 50:e81-e82. [PMID: 35946322 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.16547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Kawase
- Department of Dermatology, The Jikei University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Koda
- Department of Dermatology, The Jikei University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Egawa
- Department of Dermatology, The Jikei University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Microbiology, Kitasato University School of Allied Health and Sciences, Sagamihara, Japan.,Amakusa Dermatology and Internal Medicine Clinic, Kumamoto, Japan
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5
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Buhas CL, Pascalau A, Judea-Pusta CT, Pop OL, Judea AS, Negrutiu BM, Marcut L, Buhas BA, Gheorghita D, Bodog AD. Epidermoid Cyst of the Uterine Cervix, an Unusual Location: Literature Review and Case Report. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11020257. [PMID: 36673625 PMCID: PMC9858676 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermoid cysts are most often benign cystic lesions, with uterine cervical localisation being very unusual. We present the case of a 52-year-old female patient diagnosed with an epidermoid cyst at the level of the uterine cervix. A bioptic and haemostatic uterine curettage was performed, followed by total hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy. The histopathologic analysis and immunohistochemical essay of the resection specimens confirmed the cervical epidermoid cyst. The presence of high-risk HPV (human papillomavirus) was only seen in the cervical mucosa. The exact etiopathogenesis is unknown, but postpartum cell implantation of reminiscent embryonic tissue can be involved in the development of these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia Liana Buhas
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Andrei Pascalau
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Claudia Teodora Judea-Pusta
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
- Correspondence: (C.T.J.-P.); (D.G.)
| | - Ovidiu Laurean Pop
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Adrian Sorin Judea
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Bianca-Maria Negrutiu
- Department of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Lavinia Marcut
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | | | - Daniela Gheorghita
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (C.T.J.-P.); (D.G.)
| | - Alin Danut Bodog
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
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6
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Ren H, Li J, Xie X, Xu M, Yang Y, Gao X. Establishment and Verification of a Prediction Model for Identifying Pathologic Infections Based on the Clinical Characteristics of Epidermoid Cysts. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2022; 23:908-916. [PMID: 36374320 PMCID: PMC9784613 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2022.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To construct a prediction model based on the clinical characteristics of epidermoid cysts to identify pathologic infections, evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the model, and conduct preliminary verification. Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 314 patients diagnosed with epidermoid cysts that had been removed surgically. The clinical and pathologic data of all patients were collected. The patients were divided randomly into modeling group and verification group in a 75:25 ratio. In the modeling group, the multifactor logistic regression method was used to construct a prediction model for identifying epidermoid cyst pathologic infection, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the model, which was then validated in the verification group. Results: All 314 patients with epidermoid cysts were divided into non-infected group (183 cases) and infected group (131 cases) according to the pathologic results. Logistic regression analysis showed that the disease course, growth trend, redness, and texture of epidermoid cysts were independent factors affecting pathologic infection. The above four indicators were selected to construct the prediction model of epidermoid cyst pathologic infection. In the modeling group, the prediction model showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.898, with the sensitivity of 0.830, specificity of 0.890, positive likelihood ratio of 7.523, and negative likelihood ratio of 0.191. The AUC of the prediction model in the verification group was 0.919, which was not significantly different from that of the modeling group (p = 0.886). Conclusions: The prediction model based on the clinical characteristics of epidermoid cysts had good diagnostic accuracy and high specificity; it can be used to identify pathologic infections of epidermoid cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Ren
- Department of Echocardiography, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Chang Zhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jumei Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Chang Zhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao Xie
- Department of Ultrasound, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Chang Zhou City, Jiangsu Province, China.,Address correspondence to: Dr. Xiao Xie, Department of Ultrasound, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Chang Zhou City 213000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Echocardiography, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Chang Zhou City, Jiangsu Province, China.,Address correspondence to: Dr. Min Xu, Department of Echocardiography, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Chang Zhou City 213000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuhua Yang
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Chang Zhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xie Gao
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Chang Zhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
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7
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Cystic Condyloma: A Rare Entity in the Spectrum of Verrucous Cysts. Am J Dermatopathol 2021; 43:538-539. [PMID: 33405403 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000001821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Nanes BA, Laknezhad S, Chamseddin B, Doorbar J, Mir A, Hosler GA, Wang RC. Verrucous pilar cysts infected with beta human papillomavirus. J Cutan Pathol 2020; 47:381-386. [PMID: 31626329 PMCID: PMC7386817 DOI: 10.1111/cup.13599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Epidermoid cysts with histopathologic features of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection have been previously reported and are commonly termed verrucous cysts. We report a series of eight histopathologically distinct verrucous pilar cysts, distinguished from traditional verrucous epidermoid cysts by trichilemmal keratinization, as well as two verrucous hybrid pilar-epidermoid cysts. These lesions contain characteristic stratified epithelial linings with abrupt transitions to compact eosinophilic keratin, as well as areas of papillomatosis, coarse intracytoplasmic keratohyalin granules, and vacuolar structures suggestive of HPV-induced cytopathic change. HPV-24, a β genus HPV species, was identified by degenerate polymerase chain reaction in DNA extracted from two of the lesions, and the presence of β-HPV E4 protein was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. HPV-60, the HPV species most commonly reported in verrucous epidermoid cysts, was not detected. Verrucous pilar cysts represent histopathologically and potentially etiologically distinct lesions which may be underrecognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Nanes
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center,
Dallas, Texas
| | - Soolmaz Laknezhad
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center,
Dallas, Texas
| | - Bahir Chamseddin
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center,
Dallas, Texas
| | - John Doorbar
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, United
Kingdom
| | - Adnan Mir
- Dermpath Diagnostics, Port Chester, New York
- New York Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Gregory A. Hosler
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center,
Dallas, Texas
- ProPath, Dallas, Texas
| | - Richard C. Wang
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center,
Dallas, Texas
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9
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Wollina U, Langner D, Tchernev G, França K, Lotti T. Epidermoid Cysts - A Wide Spectrum of Clinical Presentation and Successful Treatment by Surgery: A Retrospective 10-Year Analysis and Literature Review. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018; 6:28-30. [PMID: 29483974 PMCID: PMC5816307 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermoid cysts are common benign lesions of hair-bearing, and less often glabrous skin. They can also occur in oral mucosa and internal organs. In case of cutaneous lesions, an epidermal punctum is a clinical diagnostic hallmark. The clinical presentation is variable leading to some differential diagnoses. Diagnosis of epidermoid cysts needs histopathological confirmation – not only of the potential of malignant transformation. The treatment of choice is surgery. We report a retrospective analysis of 2159 epidermoid cysts treated surgically. Most of the cases can be performed under local anaesthesia. The complication rate of 2.2% is low. To avoid relapses, the cyst wall has to be removed completely. Rare genetic disorders with multiple cysts are Gardner and Lowe syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Wollina
- Städtisches Klinikum Dresden, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, 01067 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dana Langner
- Städtisches Klinikum Dresden, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, 01067 Dresden, Germany
| | - Georgi Tchernev
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical Institute of Ministry of Interior, Sofia, Bulgaria.,Onkoderma Policlinic for Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Katlein França
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences; Institute for Bioethics and Health Policy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Torello Lotti
- University of Rome G. Marconi, Institute of Dermatology, Rome 00186, Italy
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10
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Kawase M, Egawa K, Ishiji T, Nakagawa H. Human papillomavirus type 6/11 identified in an epidermoid cyst of the scrotum. J Dermatol 2017; 45:224-227. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.14089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Kawase
- Department of Dermatology; The Jikei University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
- Department of Dermatology; Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center; Saitama Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Egawa
- Department of Dermatology; The Jikei University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Takaoki Ishiji
- Department of Dermatology; The Jikei University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hidemi Nakagawa
- Department of Dermatology; The Jikei University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
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11
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Lalla K, Mahomed F, Meer S. Keratinizing odontogenic cysts with a spectrum of verrucoid morphology: investigation of a potential role of human papillomavirus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2016; 122:625-630. [PMID: 27765332 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in keratinizing odontogenic cysts (OC) has only rarely been studied. We describe the clinicopathologic findings in a series of OCs that had unusual keratinization patterns and were investigated for a possible HPV etiology. STUDY DESIGN Tissue samples from 29 patients with keratinizing OCs were studied for light microscopic features suggestive of HPV infection and by an HPV DNA polymerase chain reaction assay. RESULTS The mean age at presentation was 31.1 years; 79.3% of the OCs occurred in the mandible and 46.4% were associated with an impacted tooth. The phenotypic characteristics koilocytes, hypergranulosis, and a verrucous pattern of the cyst-lining epithelium were observed in 69%, 62.1%, and 17.2% of cases, respectively. These histomorphologic features did not, however, correlate with HPV infection. CONCLUSIONS HPV does not appear to play a role in keratinizing OCs and is not responsible for the wart-like histomorphologic features that may be seen in these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpesh Lalla
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Farzana Mahomed
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Shabnum Meer
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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12
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Choi JE, Kwon IH, Seo SH, Kye YC, Ahn HH. Pathogenesis of Plantar Epidermal Cyst: Three-Dimensional Reconstruction Analysis. Ann Dermatol 2016; 28:133-5. [PMID: 26848239 PMCID: PMC4737825 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2016.28.1.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Eun Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Hyuk Kwon
- Department of Dermatology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Hong Seo
- Department of Dermatology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Chul Kye
- Department of Dermatology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Hyun Ahn
- Department of Dermatology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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13
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Doorbar J, Egawa N, Griffin H, Kranjec C, Murakami I. Human papillomavirus molecular biology and disease association. Rev Med Virol 2015; 25 Suppl 1:2-23. [PMID: 25752814 PMCID: PMC5024016 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 582] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have evolved over millions of years to propagate themselves in a range of different animal species including humans. Viruses that have co‐evolved slowly in this way typically cause chronic inapparent infections, with virion production in the absence of apparent disease. This is the case for many Beta and Gamma HPV types. The Alpha papillomavirus types have however evolved immunoevasion strategies that allow them to cause persistent visible papillomas. These viruses activate the cell cycle as the infected epithelial cell differentiates in order to create a replication competent environment that allows viral genome amplification and packaging into infectious particles. This is mediated by the viral E6, E7, and E5 proteins. High‐risk E6 and E7 proteins differ from their low‐risk counterparts however in being able to drive cell cycle entry in the upper epithelial layers and also to stimulate cell proliferation in the basal and parabasal layers. Deregulated expression of these cell cycle regulators underlies neoplasia and the eventual progression to cancer in individuals who cannot resolve high‐risk HPV infection. Most work to date has focused on the study of high‐risk HPV types such as HPV 16 and 18, which has led to an understanding of the molecular pathways subverted by these viruses. Such approaches will lead to the development of better strategies for disease treatment, including targeted antivirals and immunotherapeutics. Priorities are now focused toward understanding HPV neoplasias at sites other than the cervix (e.g. tonsils, other transformation zones) and toward understanding the mechanisms by which low‐risk HPV types can sometimes give rise to papillomatosis and under certain situations even cancers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Doorbar
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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14
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Quint KD, Genders RE, de Koning MNC, Borgogna C, Gariglio M, Bouwes Bavinck JN, Doorbar J, Feltkamp MC. Human Beta-papillomavirus infection and keratinocyte carcinomas. J Pathol 2015; 235:342-54. [PMID: 25131163 DOI: 10.1002/path.4425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although the role of oncogenic human Alpha-papillomaviruses (HPVs) in the development of mucosal carcinomas at different body sites (eg cervix, anus, oropharynx) is fully recognized, a role for HPV in keratinocyte carcinomas (KCs; basal and squamous cell carcinomas) of the skin is not yet clear. KCs are the most common cancers in Caucasians, with the major risk factor being ultraviolet (UV) light exposure. A possible role for Beta-HPV types (BetaPV) in the development of KC was suggested several decades ago, supported by a number of epidemiological studies. Our current review summarizes the recent molecular and histopathological evidence in support of a causal association between BetaPV and the development of KC, and outlines the suspected synergistic effect of viral gene expression with UV radiation and immune suppression. Further insights into the molecular pathways and protein interactions used by BetaPV and the host cell is likely to extend our understanding of the role of BetaPV in KC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen D Quint
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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15
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Sato Y, Nozaki T, Matsusako M, Eto H, Matsui M, Ohtake N, Suzuki K, Starkey J, Saida Y. Human papillomavirus-associated plantar epidermoid cysts: MR and US imaging appearance. Skeletal Radiol 2014; 43:257-61. [PMID: 24057441 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-013-1727-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Epidermoid cysts are epithelial cysts that present as slow-growing intradermal or subcutaneous lesions. While recent epidemiological studies have isolated human papillomavirus (HPV) from plantar epidermoid cysts, imaging findings in HPV-associated epidermoid cysts have not been previously reported. We describe imaging findings in two patients with HPV-associated plantar epidermoid cysts. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and ultrasonography (US) showed linear arrangement of several adjacent globular cysts. This appearance is hypothesized to result from HPV-associated eccrine duct metaplasia leading to cyst formation and later traumatic rupture leading to formation of multiple adjacent cystic components. It may be useful to suggest assessing the presence of HPV antigen in plantar lesions having these imaging findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinao Sato
- Department of Radiology, St. Luke's International Hospital, 9-1 Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-8560, Japan,
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Klinischer Algorithmus zur Therapie von kutanen, extragenitalen HPV-induzierten Warzen. Hautarzt 2011; 62:6-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00105-010-2027-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Pusiol T, Piscioli F, Zorzi MG. Squamous cell carcinoma arising from human papillomavirus associated cyst. Am J Dermatopathol 2010; 33:105-6. [PMID: 20661120 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e3181d77723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Jung KD, Kim PS, Lee JH, Yang JM, Lee ES, Lee DY, Jang KT, Kim DS. Human papillomavirus-associated recurrent plantar epidermal cysts in a patient after organ transplantation. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009; 23:837-9. [PMID: 19207654 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2008.03026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
More than 100 HPV genotypes are presently distinguished by comparing the DNA sequence of the L1 ORF of each HPV. Two important aspects of the nature of this group of heterogeneous viruses are the way in which specific HPV genotypes are associated with distinct clinical and histological morphologies and the way specific HPV genotypes affect distinct anatomical sites. The former is best evidenced by the HPV type specific cytopathic or cytopathogenic effect (CPE), whereas the latter is suggested by the marked preference of each HPV genotype for specific tissues and sites. Recent studies have also suggested that specific HPV genotypes may target epithelial stem cells at specific anatomical sites. HPV type-specific CPE is the central schema when we analyze and understand the HPV-associated diseases. The concept was suggested by the characterization of distinct HPVs from different types of warts: HPV 2/27/57 from common warts, HPV 3/10/28 from flat warts, HPV 6/11 from condyloma acuminatum, and HPV 5/8 from lesions of epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV). In this paper, I summarize recent advances in HPV study field, especially on HPV-associated cutaneous lesions. These include inclusion warts, HPV-associated epidermoid cysts, HPV type specific activation of melanogenesis, a double infection with HPV 1 and HPV 63 within a single cell, primary target cells and life cycle of the virus, and the identification of novel genes that are associated EV. The HPV-associated cutaneous lesions thus pose important problems to be resolved in virology and human pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egawa Kiyofumi
- National Sanatorium Amami-Wakouen, Naze-Wakou 1700, Amami 894-0007, Kagoshima, Japan.
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