• Crossed-fused renal ectopia
• ectopic kidney
• laparoscopic nephrectomy

• crossed-fused renal ectopia
• duplex system
• ureteric stone

• Fusion
• congenital
• ectopia
• horseshoe
• imaging
• renal

• Humans
• Cats
• Animals
• Fused Kidney/diagnostic imaging
• Fused Kidney/veterinary
• Retrospective Studies
• Kidney Diseases/veterinary
• Kidney/diagnostic imaging
• Radiography
• Cat Diseases/diagnostic imaging
• Cat Diseases/surgery

• Crossed fused renal ectopia
• Diagnosis
• Follow up
• Imaging, Urinary malformations
• Outcome

Crossed fused renal ectopia (CFRE) is an uncommon developmental anomaly of the genitourinary system whereby the two kidneys are located on the same side of the body and joined together, while the ureter of the ectopic kidney still enters the bladder in its normal side. CFRE has variable clinical presentations and usually discovered incidentally when patients are investigated for abdominal complaints. Treatment may be conservative when renal function is preserved with no associated symptomatic urological complications. Highlighted here is the unusual presentation of left-to-right CFRE with acute pyelonephritis as an appendix mass in a 19-year-old female.

• Acute pyelonephritis
• appendix mass
• left-to-right crossed fused
• renal ectopia

Staghorn stones have always been a challenge for urologists, especially in some special situations, such as horseshoe kidney, ectopic kidney, paediatric kidney, and solitary kidney. The treatment of these staghorn stones must be aggressive because they can lead to renal function loss and serious complications. The gold-standard management for staghorn stones is surgical treatment with the aim of clearing the stones and preserving renal function. Treatment methods for staghorn stones have developed rapidly, such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, retrograde intrarenal surgery, percutaneous nephrolithotomy and laparoscopy and open surgery. Whether the standard procedures for staghorn stones can also apply to these stones in special situations is still not agreed upon. The decision should be made individually according to the circumstances of the patient. In this review, we evaluates the previous studies and comments on the management of staghorn stones under special situations in the hope of guiding the optimal choice for urologists.

• Ectopic kidney
• Horseshoe kidney
• Management
• Paediatric kidney
• Solitary kidney
• Staghorn stone

• Crossed renal ectopia
• cholecystitis
• fortuitous discovery

• Congenital anomaly
• Crossed fused renal ectopia
• Fusion anomaly of kidney
• Renal ectopia

Crossed fused renal ectopia is a rare congenital anomaly of the ascent of the kidney. This anomaly may be observed as a solitary kidney during initial evaluation. A solitary kidney must be evaluated for associated anomalies such as duplication, horseshoe kidney, or crossed renal ectopia.

An anomaly was observed in a 9-mo-old male child who was subsequently diagnosed with crossed fused renal ectopia and vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). In this condition, recurrent febrile urinary tract infection can be a serious problem, and can easily cause renal damage due to relatively short ureters and high pressure in the kidney.

To prevent urosepsis and preserve renal function, early diagnosis and proper management including surgical correction should be considered for the management of renal ectopia with VUR.

• Kidney
• Congenital abnormalities
• Vesicoureteral reflux
• Ureteroneocystostomy
• Politano-Leadbetter
• Case report

• Children
• Functional magnetic resonance urography
• Kidney
• Magnetic resonance imaging
• Renal fusion abnormalities
• Urinary tract

• Child
• Fused Kidney/diagnosis
• Humans
• Kidney Function Tests
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods

• Cake kidney
• Inferior fusion
• Left to right ectopia

• Congenital kidney anomalies
• Ectopic kidney
• Ultrasound

This report describes a rare case of crossed fused renal ectopia (CFRE) in a cat. A mature intact male Persian cat presented with bloody nasal discharge and ascites. Diagnostic studies revealed an ectopic left kidney fused with an orthotopic right kidney and a concurrent feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) infection. The FIP was responsible for clinical signs in this cat, while clinical signs associated with CFRE were not obvious. Despite receiving intensive treatment, the cat died. A post-mortem examination was not performed because the owners declined approval.

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of L-shaped CFRE in a cat. In addition, this report describes the CT features of L-shaped CFRE in a cat.

Crossed renal ectopia is a rare urinary system anomaly which mostly is asymptomatic and is diagnosed incidentally. Urinary obstruction, infection, and neoplasia of the urinary system and nephrolithiasis are main complications of this anomaly. A 6-year-old boy admitted to the hospital with colicky abdominal pain and nausea. Abdominal examination revealed tenderness in right lower quadrant. Urine analysis and culture were normal. Kidney ultrasonography showed right kidney in pelvis cavity with no kidney tissue in left side. TC 99-DMSA scan demonstrated no radiotracer accumulation in the normal renal area. Radiotracer accumulation was seen in the pelvis area with a deviation to the left. Voiding cystoureterogram revealed right sided grade II vesicoureteral reflux. Severe urological anomalies in children may be asymptomatic or have nonspecific symptoms such as abdominal pain.

• Complications
• Cross-fused renal ectopia
• Renal ectopia
• Urinary obstruction
• Vesicoureteral reflux

Crossed fused renal ectopia is a rare congenital anomaly of the urinary system where one kidney crosses over to opposite side and the parenchyma of the two kidneys fuse. Herein, we present an atypical CFRE case whose renal anatomy does not exactly match any of the already defined CFRE types. Both of the kidneys are ectopic with the crossed ectopic right kidney lying superiorly and fused to the upper pole of the left kidney. Renal arteries were originating from the common iliac arteries. A focal 90% stenosis was observed on the right main renal artery. The patient is borderline hypertensive.

Orthotopic multicystic dysplastic kidney with crossed fused ectopia is a rare congenital anomaly. This congenital anomaly may give an appearance of a solitary kidney morphology during the initial imaging evaluation. A solitary kidney should be carefully evaluated for the presence of duplication, horseshoe configuration, or crossed renal ectopy. Vesicoureteral reflux is a common finding associated with a multicystic dysplastic kidney. We present an infant with an orthotopic multicystic dysplastic kidney and an inferiorly placed crossed fused ectopic kidney. The presence of a complex congenital anomaly may warrant further evaluation with cross-sectional imaging to depict the anatomy and structure.

Crossed fused renal ectopia is a rare congenital malformation, which is reported to be usually asymptomatic but may have varied presentations. This survey was conducted to study the clinical profile and the challenges posed in the management of this entity.

Retrospective analysis of 6 patients diagnosed to have crossed fused renal ectopia during 1997-2010. The diagnosis was confirmed during surgical exploration in one patient. In one patient it was detected on antenatal ultrasonography and in the other 4 patients it was detected during investigations for abdominal pain, abdominal mass, anorectal malformation and urinary tract infection.

The left moiety was crossed and fused with the right moiety in 4 cases. Ultrasonography was found to be a good screening investigation with useful diagnostic contributions from CT scans, radionuclide scintigraphy and magnetic resonance urography. Micturating cystourethrography revealed presence of VUR in 4 cases, 3 of whom have undergone ureteric reimplantation. Two patients required pyeloplasty for pelviureteric junction obstruction; in one of these patients the upper ureter was entrapped in the isthmus. In one patient, a non-functioning moiety resulted in nephrectomy. All children were asymptomatic at last follow-up with stable renal functions.

Crossed fused renal ectopia was detected in most patients during investigation for other problems. It was found more commonly in boys. The left moiety was crossed to the right in the majority of cases. Associated urological problems were found in most cases and required the appropriate surgical management.

• Congenital anomalies of kidney
• crossed fused renal ectopia
• fusion anomalies of kidney

• Diagnosis, Differential
• Female
• Humans
• Imaging, Three-Dimensional
• Kidney/abnormalities
• Kidney/blood supply
• Kidney/diagnostic imaging
• Pregnancy
• Pregnancy Trimester, Second
• Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color
• Ultrasonography, Prenatal
• Young Adult