• Biliary atresia
• Bone marrow mononuclear cell infusion
• Kasai operation

• Child, Preschool
• Female
• Humans
• Infant
• Male
• Biliary Atresia/surgery
• Bone Marrow Transplantation/methods
• Case-Control Studies
• Combined Modality Therapy
• Follow-Up Studies
• Portoenterostomy, Hepatic/methods
• Transplantation, Autologous
• Treatment Outcome

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are heterogeneous populations with broad application prospects in cell therapy, and using specific subpopulations of MSCs can enhance their particular capability under certain conditions and achieve better therapeutic effects. However, no studies have reported how to obtain high‐quality specific MSC subpopulations in vitro culture. Here, for the first time, we established a general operation process for obtaining high‐quality clinical‐grade cell subpopulations from human umbilical cord MSCs (hUC‐MSCs) based on particular markers. We used the MSC‐CD106⁺ subpopulations, whose biological function has been well documented, as an example to explore and optimize the crucial links of primary preparation, pre‐treatment, antibody incubation, flow sorting, quality and function test. After comprehensively evaluating the quality and function of the acquired MSC‐CD106⁺ subpopulations, including in vitro cell viability, apoptosis, proliferation, marker stability, adhesion ability, migration ability, tubule formation ability, immunomodulatory function and in vivo wound healing ability and proangiogenic activity, we defined an important pre‐treatment scheme which might effectively improve the therapeutic efficiency of MSC‐CD106⁺ subpopulations in two critical clinical application scenarios—direct injection after cell sorting and post‐culture injection into bodies. Based on the above, we tried to establish a general five‐step operation procedure for acquiring high‐quality clinical‐grade MSC subpopulations based on specific markers, which cannot only improve their enrichment efficiency and the reliability of preclinical studies, but also provide valuable methodological guidance for the rapid clinical transformation of specific MSC subpopulations.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy is showing potential therapeutic effects on liver function improvement in patients with chronic liver disease; however, the consensus on efficacy and safety of MSCs has not been reached.

We performed this systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the efficacy and safety of MSCs therapy for patients with chronic liver disease. A detailed search of the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases was conducted to find studies published prior to September 15, 2021. The outcome measures were survival rate, model of end-stage liver disease (MELD) score, albumin, total bilirubin, coagulation function, and aminotransferase.

A literature search resulted in 892 citations. Of these, 12 studies met the inclusion criteria. It was found that compared with conventional treatment, MSCs therapy was associated with improved liver function including the MELD score, albumin levels, and coagulation function. However, it had no obvious beneficial effects on survival rate and aminotransferase levels. Subgroup analyses indicated that MSCs therapy had therapeutic effects on patients with both acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) and cirrhosis. BM-MSCs and UC-MSCs treatment had similar efficacy to improve liver function. The effectiveness varied slightly between the peripheral intravenous injection and hepatic arterial injection. Five studies reported that the only adverse event of the MSCs therapy was fever, and no serious adverse events and side effects were reported. Analysis on clinical symptoms showed that encephalopathy and gastrointestinal hemorrhage events were reduced after MSCs therapy.

In conclusion, this study suggested that MSCs therapy could be a potential therapeutic alternative for patients with chronic liver disease in clinical practice.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-02882-4.

• Efficacy
• Liver disease
• Mesenchymal stem cells
• Meta-analysis
• Safety

To evaluate the safety and early outcomes of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell (BMMNC) infusion for liver cirrhosis due to biliary atresia (BA) after Kasai operation.

An open-label clinical trial was performed from January 2017 to December 2019. Nineteen children with liver cirrhosis due to BA after Kasai operation were included. Bone marrow was harvested through anterior iliac crest puncture under general anesthesia. Mononuclear cells (MNCs) were isolated by Ficoll gradient centrifugation and then infused into the hepatic artery. The same procedure was repeated 6 months later. Serum bilirubin, albumin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and prothrombin time were monitored at baseline, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after the first transplantation. Esophagoscopies and liver biopsies were performed in patients whose parents provided consent. Mixed-effect analysis was used to evaluate the changes in Pediatric End-Stage Liver Disease (PELD) scores.

The average MNC and CD34+ cell counts per kg body weight were 50.1 ± 58.5 × 10⁶/kg and 3.5 ± 2.8 × 10⁶ for the first transplantation and 57.1 ± 42.0 × 10⁶/kg and 3.7 ± 2.7 × 10⁶ for the second transplantation. No severe adverse events associated with the cell therapy were observed in the patients. One patient died 5 months after the first infusion at a provincial hospital due to the rupture of esophageal varices, while 18 patients survived. Liver function was maintained or improved after infusion, as assessed by biochemical tests. The severity of the disease reduced markedly, with a significant reduction in PELD scores.

Autologous BMMNC administration for liver cirrhosis due to BA is safe and may maintain or improve liver function.

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03468699. Name of the registry: Vinmec Research Institute of Stem Cell and Gene Technology.

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03468699?cond=biliary+atresia&cntry=VN&draw=2&rank=2. Registered on March 16, 2018. The trial results will also be published according to the CONSORT statement at conferences and reported in peer-reviewed journals.

• Biliary atresia
• Bone marrow mononuclear cell infusion
• Kasai operation

The liver is a highly regenerative organ; however, its regeneration potential is reduced by chronic inflammation with fibrosis accumulation, leading to cirrhosis. With an aim to tackle liver cirrhosis, a life-threatening disease, trials of autologous bone marrow cell infusion (ABMi) therapy started in 2003. Clinical studies revealed that ABMi attenuated liver fibrosis and improved liver function in some patients; however, this therapy has some limitations such as the need of general anesthesia. Following ABMi therapy, studies have focused on specific cells such as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from a variety of tissues such as bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord tissues. Particularly, studies have focused on gaining mechanistic insights into MSC distribution and effects on immune cells, especially macrophages. Several basic studies have reported the use of MSCs for liver cirrhosis models, while a number of clinical studies have used autologous and allogeneic MSCs; however, there are only a few reports on the obvious substantial effect of MSCs in clinical studies. Since then, studies have analyzed and identified the important signals or components in MSCs that regulate immune cells, such as macrophages, under cirrhotic conditions and have revealed that MSC-derived exosomes are key regulators. Researchers are still seeking the best approach and filling the gap between basic and clinical studies to treat liver cirrhosis. This paper highlights the timeline of basic and clinical studies analyzing ABMi and MSC therapies for cirrhosis and the scope for future studies and therapy.

• Cirrhosis
• Exosome
• Fibrosis
• Liver
• Macrophage
• Mesenchymal stromal cell

In the present study, we investigated whether both adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC) and osteogenic-induced ADSC sheets could promote bone healing in a rat distal femoral metaphysis bone defect model. A through-hole defect of 1 mm diameter was drilled into each distal femur of 12 week old rats. Forty-five rats were randomly assigned to three groups: (1) control group; (2) ADSC sheet group; or (3) osteogenic-induced ADSC sheet group. We evaluated each group by analysis of computerized tomography scans every week after the surgery, histological analysis, and DiI labeling (a method of membrane staining for post implant cell tracing). Radiological and histological evaluations showed that a part of the hole persisted in the control group at four weeks after surgery, whereas the hole was restored almost completely by new bone formation in both sheet groups. The mean value of bone density (in Houndsfield units) for the bone defect area was significantly higher in both sheet groups than that in the control group (p = 0.05) at four weeks postoperative. A large number of osteocalcin positive osteoblasts were observed at the area of bone defect, especially in the osteogenic-induced ADCS sheet group. DiI labeling in the newly formed bone showed that each sheet had differentiated into bone tissue at four weeks after surgery. The ADSC and the osteogenic-induced ADSC sheets promoted significantly quicker bone healing in the bone defect. Moreover, the osteogenic-induced ADSC sheet may be more advantageous for bone healing than the ADSC sheet because of the higher number of osteocalcin positive osteoblasts via the transplantation.

• Adipose Tissue/cytology
• Animals
• Female
• Femur/cytology
• Femur/physiology
• Femur/surgery
• Osteogenesis
• Rats
• Stem Cell Transplantation
• Stem Cells/cytology

• Human vocal fold mucosa
• Larynx
• Macula flava
• Mesenchymal stem cell
• Stem cell niche
• Tissue stem cells

Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is an acute liver decompensation that occurs within 4 weeks on the basis of chronic liver disease. At present, the treatments of ACLF include general supportive treatment, etiological treatment, prevention and treatment of complications, artificial liver treatment, and liver transplantation. Many studies suggest that stem cell therapy may become a new treatment for patients with ACLF. Our department has also tried the application of this treatment. Now, there are three cases of stem cell therapy for patients with ACLF by our department which will be briefly reported.

• Acute-on-chronic liver failure
• Clinical performance
• Stem cell therapy

• Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure/physiopathology
• Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure/therapy
• Follow-Up Studies
• Humans
• Liver/injuries
• Liver/physiopathology
• Liver Function Tests
• Stem Cell Transplantation

• 81470877 the National Natural Science Foundation of China
• 2011-2018-09 Capital Health Research and Development of Special

Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation (MSCT) became available with liver failure (LF), while the advantages of MSCs remain controversial. We aimed to assess clinical advantages of MSCT in patients with LF.

Clinical researches reporting MSCT in LF patients were searched and included.

Nine articles (n = 476) related with LF patients were enrolled. After MSCT, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) baseline decreased largely at half a month (P < 0.05); total bilirubin (TBIL) baseline declined to a certain stable level of 78.57 μmol/L at 2 and 3 months (P < 0.05). Notably, the decreased value (D value) of Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score (MELD) of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) group was higher than that of chronic liver failure (CLF) group (14.93 ± 1.24 versus 4.6 ± 5.66, P < 0.05). Moreover, MELD baseline of ≥20 group was a higher D value of MELD than MELD baseline of <20 group with a significant statistical difference after MSCT (P = 0.003).

The early assessment of the efficacy of MSCT could be based on variations of ALT at half a month and TBIL at 2 and 3 months. And it had beneficial effects for patients with LF, especially in ACLF based on the D value of MELD.

• Liver failure
• Liver regeneration
• Secretome
• Stem cell transplantation

• Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (KR)

• CD133(+) stem/progenitor cells
• cell therapy
• end-stage liver disease
• liver microenvironment

• AC133 Antigen/metabolism
• Cell Proliferation
• Coculture Techniques
• End Stage Liver Disease/pathology
• End Stage Liver Disease/therapy
• Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
• Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
• Hepatic Stellate Cells/cytology
• Hepatic Stellate Cells/physiology
• Humans
• Liver/cytology
• Liver/metabolism
• Liver/pathology
• Neovascularization, Physiologic
• Stem Cell Transplantation/methods
• Stem Cells/cytology
• Stem Cells/metabolism
• Stromal Cells/drug effects
• Stromal Cells/metabolism

• Liver cirrhosis
• bone marrow
• granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
• hematopoietic stem cell
• liver regeneration
• mesenchymal stem cell
• stem cell

• Mesenchymal stem cells
• apoptosis
• cancer
• secretome
• senescence

• Apoptosis
• Cell Differentiation
• Cell Lineage
• Cells, Cultured
• Gene Ontology
• Gene Regulatory Networks
• Humans
• Immunomodulation
• Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology
• Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism
• Metabolome
• Signal Transduction
• Stress, Physiological

• Cirrhosis
• Haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells
• Regenerative medicine
• Stem cell therapy

• AC133 Antigen
• Adult
• Aged
• Antigens, CD
• Case-Control Studies
• End Stage Liver Disease/therapy
• Female
• Glycoproteins
• Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/administration & dosage
• Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization
• Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
• Humans
• Italy
• Leukapheresis
• Liver Function Tests
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Peptides
• Prospective Studies
• Stem Cells/cytology

Cirrhosis occurs as a result of various chronic liver injuries, which may be caused by viral infections, alcohol abuse and the administration of drugs and chemicals. Recently, bone marrow cells (BMCs), hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used for developing treatments for cirrhosis. Clinical trials have investigated the therapeutic potential of BMCs, HSCs and MSCs for the treatment of cirrhosis based on their potential to differentiate into hepatocytes. Although the therapeutic mechanisms of BMC, HSC and MSC treatments are still not fully characterized, the evidence thus far has indicated that the potential therapeutic mechanisms of MSCs are clearer than those of BMCs or HSCs with respect to liver regenerative medicine. MSCs suppress inflammatory responses, reduce hepatocyte apoptosis, increase hepatocyte regeneration, reverse liver fibrosis and enhance liver functionality. This paper summarizes the clinical studies that have used BMCs, HSCs and MSCs in patients with liver failure or cirrhosis. We also present the potential therapeutic mechanisms of BMCs, HSCs and MSCs for the improvement of liver function.

• Cirrhosis
• Cell therapy
• Bone marrow cells
• Mesenchymal stem cells
• Hematopoietic stem cells
• Immune-modulation
• Trophic factors
• Anti-fibrosis

• Animals
• Humans
• Liver/pathology
• Liver/physiopathology
• Liver/surgery
• Liver Cirrhosis/diagnosis
• Liver Cirrhosis/physiopathology
• Liver Cirrhosis/surgery
• Liver Failure/diagnosis
• Liver Failure/physiopathology
• Liver Failure/surgery
• Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation
• Mesenchymal Stem Cells/physiology
• Phenotype
• Recovery of Function
• Treatment Outcome

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation in decompensated liver disease.

METHODS: Medline, EMBASE, PubMed, Science Direct, and the Cochrane Library were searched for relevant studies. Retrospective case-control studies were included along with randomized clinical trials. Meta-analysis was performed in line with recommendations from the Cochrane Collaboration software review manager. Heterogeneity was assessed using a random-effects model.

RESULTS: Four randomized controlled trials and four retrospective studies were included. Cell transplantation increased serum albumin level by 1.96 g/L (95%CI: 0.74-3.17; P = 0.002], 2.55 g/L (95%CI: 0.32-4.79; P = 0.03), and 3.65 g/L (95%CI: 0.76-6.54; P = 0.01) after 1, 3, and 6 mo, respectively. Patients who had undergone cell transplantation also had a lower level of total bilirubin [mean difference (MD): -1.37 mg/dL; 95%CI: -2.68-(-0.06); P = 0.04] after 6 mo. This decreased after 1 year when compared to standard treatment (MD: -1.26; 95%CI: -2.48-(-0.03); P = 0.04]. A temporary decrease in alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase were significant in the cell transplantation group. However, after 6 mo treatment, patients who had undergone cell transplantation had a slightly longer prothrombin time (MD: 5.66 s, 95%CI: 0.04-11.28; P = 0.05). Changes in the model for end-stage liver disease score and Child-Pugh score were not statistically significant.

CONCLUSION: Autologous bone marrow transplantation showed some benefits in patients with decompensated liver disease. However, further studies are still needed to verify its role in clinical treatment for end-stage liver disease.

• Autologous transplantation
• Bone marrow
• Cirrhosis
• Decompensated liver disease

• Biomarkers/blood
• Bone Marrow Transplantation/adverse effects
• Chi-Square Distribution
• End Stage Liver Disease/blood
• End Stage Liver Disease/diagnosis
• End Stage Liver Disease/surgery
• Humans
• Liver Function Tests
• Odds Ratio
• Risk Factors
• Transplantation, Autologous
• Treatment Outcome

• clinical application
• cryopreservation
• human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells
• isolation
• paracrine

• G-CSF, Granulocyte colony stimulating factor
• HSC, Hematopoietic stem cell
• MNC, Mononuclear Stem cell
• MSC, Mesenchymal Stem cell
• hHPC, Human Hepatic Progenitor cell
• haematopoetic stem cells
• hepatic progenitor cells
• liver cirrhosis
• mesenchymal stem cells
• stem cell therapy

• bone marrow cells
• liver disease
• liver regeneration
• stem cells

• cell transplantation
• mesenchymal stem cells
• pluripotent stem cells
• regenerative medicine
• telomerase

• Bone marrow transplantation
• Cell therapy
• Cirrhosis
• Liver

• Treg/Th17 cells
• bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
• hepatitis B virus
• liver cirrhosis
• stem cell transplantation

• End stage liver disease
• Hematopoietic stem cells
• Liver cirrhosis
• Liver regeneration
• Mesenchymal stem cells

• Animals
• Bone Marrow Transplantation
• Disease Progression
• End Stage Liver Disease/diagnosis
• End Stage Liver Disease/physiopathology
• End Stage Liver Disease/surgery
• Humans
• Liver/pathology
• Liver/physiopathology
• Liver/surgery
• Liver Cirrhosis/diagnosis
• Liver Cirrhosis/physiopathology
• Liver Cirrhosis/surgery
• Liver Regeneration
• Regenerative Medicine/methods
• Stem Cell Transplantation
• Treatment Outcome

• amniotic-fluid-derived stem cells
• liver fibrosis
• mice
• transplantation

• Alanine Transaminase/blood
• Amniotic Fluid/cytology
• Animals
• Aspartate Aminotransferases/blood
• Carbon Tetrachloride
• Disease Models, Animal
• Fetal Stem Cells/transplantation
• Hydroxyproline/analysis
• Liver/chemistry
• Liver Cirrhosis/blood
• Liver Cirrhosis/chemically induced
• Liver Cirrhosis/pathology
• Liver Cirrhosis/therapy
• Male
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred ICR
• Serum Albumin/metabolism

• cell labeling
• magnetic resonance imaging
• mesenchymal stromal cells
• transplantation

Bone marrow cells are capable of differentiation into liver cells. Therefore, transplantation of bone marrow cells has considerable potential as a future therapy for regeneration of damaged liver tissue. Autologous bone marrow infusion therapy has been applied to patients with liver cirrhosis, and improvement of liver function parameters has been demonstrated. In this review, we summarize clinical trials of regenerative therapy using bone marrow cells for advanced liver diseases including cirrhosis, as well as topics pertaining to basic in vitro or in vivo approaches in order to outline the essentials of this novel treatment modality.

• Bone marrow
• Liver regeneration
• Cirrhosis
• Stem cell
• Transplantation

• regenerative
• stem cell
• tissue engineering

• gene therapy
• hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)
• liver fibrosis
• stem cell therapy
• umbilical cord blood stem cell

• Animals
• Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
• Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
• Bone Marrow Transplantation/methods
• Cells, Cultured
• DNA/biosynthesis
• Disease Models, Animal
• Down-Regulation
• Female
• Hepatic Stellate Cells/pathology
• Humans
• Liver Cirrhosis/enzymology
• Liver Cirrhosis/metabolism
• Liver Cirrhosis/pathology
• Liver Cirrhosis/surgery
• Male
• Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/biosynthesis
• Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation/methods
• Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology
• Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred NOD
• Mice, SCID
• RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
• RNA, Messenger/genetics
• Transforming Growth Factor beta/biosynthesis
• Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
• Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
• Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
• Up-Regulation

• Animals
• Carbon Tetrachloride
• Cell Differentiation
• Cell Line
• Disease Models, Animal
• Embryonic Stem Cells/cytology
• Embryonic Stem Cells/metabolism
• Fluorescent Antibody Technique
• Gene Expression Regulation
• Hepatocytes/cytology
• Hepatocytes/transplantation
• Humans
• Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology
• Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism
• Liver Diseases/blood
• Liver Diseases/pathology
• Male
• Mice
• RNA, Messenger/genetics
• RNA, Messenger/metabolism

• Egypt
• human
• intrasplenic injection - liver cirrhosis patients
• mesenchymal stem cells

• Adult
• Alanine Transaminase/metabolism
• Aspartate Aminotransferases/metabolism
• Bone Marrow/surgery
• Feasibility Studies
• Female
• Follow-Up Studies
• Humans
• Liver Cirrhosis/metabolism
• Liver Cirrhosis/therapy
• Male
• Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation
• Middle Aged
• Prognosis
• Prospective Studies
• Risk Factors
• Stromal Cells/transplantation
• Transplantation, Autologous

• hepatic stellate cell
• interleukin-6
• regulatory t cell
• retinoic acid

It is unknown whether human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) can improve the renal function of patients suffering from acute kidney injury. Moreover, before beginning clinical trials, it is necessary to investigate this renoprotective effect of hUC-MSCs in a xenogeneic model of acute kidney injury. However, no previous studies have examined the application of hUC-MSCs to immunodeficient mice suffering from acute kidney injury. The objectives of this study were to examine whether hUC-MSCs could improve renal function in nonobese diabetic-severe combined immune deficiency (NOD-SCID) mice suffering from acute kidney injury, and to investigate the mechanism(s) for hUC-MSCs to improve renal function in this xenogeneic model. Early (3 hr) and late (12 hr) administrations of hUC-MSCs (10⁶ cells) were performed via the external jugular vein into NOD-SCID mice suffering from either folic acid (FA) (250 mg/kg body weight) or vehicle. The results showed that early administration of hUC-MSCs improved the renal function of NOD-SCID mice suffering from FA-induced acute kidney injury, as evidenced by decreased serum urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels, as well as a reduced tubular injury score. The beneficial effects of hUC-MSCs were through reducing apoptosis and promoting proliferation of renal tubular cells. These benefits were independent of inflammatory cytokine effects and transdifferentiation. Furthermore, this study is the first one to show that the reduced apoptosis of renal tubular cells by hUC-MSCs in this xenogeneic model is mediated through the mitochondrial pathway, and through the increase of Akt phosphorylation.

• Acute Kidney Injury/blood
• Acute Kidney Injury/chemically induced
• Acute Kidney Injury/therapy
• Animals
• Antigens, CD/metabolism
• Apoptosis
• Blood Urea Nitrogen
• Caspases/metabolism
• Cell Differentiation
• Cell Proliferation
• Creatinine/blood
• Cytokines/metabolism
• Cytoprotection
• Folic Acid
• Humans
• Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
• Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism
• Kidney Tubules/metabolism
• Kidney Tubules/pathology
• Kidney Tubules/physiopathology
• Male
• Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation
• Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism
• Mesenchymal Stem Cells/physiology
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred NOD
• Mice, SCID
• Tissue Array Analysis
• Umbilical Cord/cytology
• Wharton Jelly/cytology

Human stem cells are scalable cell populations capable of cellular differentiation. This makes them a very attractive in vitro cellular resource and in theory provides unlimited amounts of primary cells. Such an approach has the potential to improve our understanding of human biology and treating disease. In the future it may be possible to deploy novel stem cell-based approaches to treat human liver diseases. In recent years, efficient hepatic differentiation from human stem cells has been achieved by several research groups including our own. In this review we provide an overview of the field and discuss the future potential and limitations of stem cell technology.

• Differentiation
• Pluripotent stem cells
• Hepatocyte-like cells
• Liver development
• Polymer chemistry
• Regenerative medicine
• Transplantation
• Bio-artificial liver