Renin-angiotensin system in the kidney: What is new?

Table 1 Comparison of the components from classic and recent renin-angiotensin system

	Classic RAS	Recent RAS
Hormone process	Endocrine	Paracrine
		Autocrine
		Intracrine
Bioactive peptide	Ang II	Ang II
		Ang III
		Ang IV
		Ang-(1-7)
		Ang-(3-4)
		Ang A
		Alamandine
Receptor	AT1	AT1a
	AT2	AT1b
		AT2
		Mas
		Mrg
		AT4
		PRR
		ACE

Ang: Angiotensin; ACE: Angiotensin converting enzyme; AT₁: Angiotensin type 1 receptor; AT₂: Angiotensin type 2 receptor; AT₄: Angiotensin type 4 receptor; Mas: Ang-(1-7) Mas receptor; Mrg: Mas-related G-protein-coupled receptor; PRR: Renin/(Pro)renin receptor; RAS: Renin-angiotensin system.

Table 2 Most common drugs already established for clinical use and emerging drugs and new targets for the treatment of hypertension, cardiovascular and renal diseases

Target	Drug	Therapy	Clinical use
Renin	Aliskiren	HTN, RF	+
	Remikiren, enalkiren	HTN	+
ACE	Captopril, lisinopril, trandolapril	HTN, HF, LVD, DN	+
	Enalapril, enalaprilat, fosinopril, ramipril	HTN, HF	+
	Moexipril, quinapril, perindopril, benazepril	HTN	+
AT1	Losartan, azilsartan, valsartan, ibesartan, candesartan, telmisartan, eprosartan, omesartan	HTN, HF	+
Mas	AVE 0991	HTN	-
	Ang-(1-7)-CyD	HF	-
ACE2	Xanthenone	HTN, RF, HF	-

+: Already used in clinic; –: Not used in clinic yet. ACE: Angiotensin converting enzyme; ACE2:Angiotensin converting enzyme 2; AT1: Angiotensintype 1 receptor; Mas: Ang-(1-7) Mas receptor; RF: Renal failure; HF: Heart failure; HTN: Hypertension; LVD: Left ventricular dysfunction; DN: Diabetic nephropathy.