Pilot study on the effect of flavonoids on arterial stiffness and oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population

Parameter	Value
Age, years	62.5 ± 8.2
Male	14 (87.5)
CKD stage
I	6 (37.5)
II-IIIa	6 (37.5)
IIIb-IV	4 (25.0)
eGFRCKD-EPI, mL/min/1.73m2	84 (47.50, 98.75)

Data are n (%). CKD: Chronic kidney disease, eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Table 2 Baseline laboratory tests of the study population

Parameter	Value
Hct, %	42.3 ± 5.2
Hb, g/dL	14.3 ± 1.9
PLT, 103/μL	222 ± 51
Urea, mg/dL	51 (26, 70)
Creatinine, mg/dL	1.3 (0.77, 1.52)
Urine albumin, mg/24 h	183 (91.2, 949.0)
Sodium, mmol/L	139 ± 2
Potassium, mmol/L	4.9 (4.72, 5.00)
LDH, IU/L	183 ± 43
AST, IU/L	23 (15, 27)
ALT, IU/L	30 (18, 37)
Total serum protein, g/dL	6.7 ± 0.7
Serum albumin, g/dL	3.9 ± 0.8
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	152 ± 41
LDL-C, mg/dL	80 ± 31
Triglycerides, mg/dL	148 ± 59
Uric acid, mg/dL	5.8 ± 1.6
Calcium, mg/dL	9.6 (9.4, 9.9)
PTH, pg/mL	68 (40, 72)
CRP, mg/dL	0.52 (0.06, 0.31)
Fe, mg/dL	86 ± 32
Ferritin, ng/mL	201 (97, 299)
TIBC, mg/dL	288 (241, 341)
HbA1c, %	7.58 ± 1.63

ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; CRP: C reactive protein; Hb: Hemoglobin; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; Hct: Hematocrit; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; PLT: Platelet; PTH: Parathyroid hormone; TIBC: Total iron binding capacity.

Table 3 Changes in parameters of arterial stiffness at baseline and after treatment with flavonoids

Parameter	Baseline	End of study	P value
PSBP, mmHg	148 ± 16	134 ± 13	< 0.001
PDBP, mmHg	81.00 ± 8.00	76.00 ± 6.32	0.051
cfPWV, m/s	8.85 (6.7, 11.8)	8.20 (5.1, 9.2)	< 0.001
CSBP, mmHg	156 ± 23	137 ± 16	0.004
CDBP, mmHg	90 ± 14	80 ± 10	0.002
CPP, mmHg	59 (44, 69)	48 (37, 60)	0.003
CHR, pulse/min	69 ± 14	66 ± 9	0.370
AIx, %	26.5 ± 10.0	32.5 ± 13.3	0.510
Ap	17.44 (9.50, 21.00)	14.25 (9.50, 18.75)	0.780

AIx: Augmentation index; Ap: Augmentation pressure; CDBP: Central diastolic blood pressure; cfPWV: Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity; CHR: Central heart rate; CPP: Central pulse pressure; CSBP: Central systolic blood pressure; PDBP: Peripheral diastolic blood pressure; PSBP: Peripheral systolic blood pressure.

Table 4 Changes in parameters of oxidative stress at baseline and after treatment with flavonoids

Parameter	Baseline	End of study	P value
Proteinic carbonyls, nmol/mL	73.50 ± 18.65	52.54 ± 25.04	< 0.001
TPC, mg/mL	25.11 (16.95, 30.29)	31.91 (30.49, 47.51)	0.001
ΤAC, %	3.55 (1.15, 6.38)	12.51 (6.26, 17.66)	0.013

TAC: Total antioxidant capacity; TPC: Total phenolic compound.