Serum phosphate and chronic kidney and cardiovascular disease: Phosphorus potential implications in general population

Table 1 Dietary phosphorus recommendations

Dietary phosphorus recommendations
Restricting dietary phosphorus intake in dialysis patients, thus serum phosphate levels to be maintained within normal range with the use of intestinal phosphate binders or intensive hemodialysis
Restricting dietary phosphorus intake in adults CKD stages 3-5, thus serum phosphate levels in repeated measurements to be maintained within normal range with the use of intestinal phosphate binders
Consideration of bioavailability of phosphorus sources (animals, vegetables, additives) in patients with CKD stages 1-5
Control of serum phosphorus to be in normal range in healthy individuals
Prescribing a high phosphorus intake (diet or supplements) in adult kidney transplant recipients with hypophosphatemia, because a severe drop in serum phosphorus 1.5 mg/dL or below can cause neuromuscular disturbances, due to impaired cellular metabolism

CKD: Chronic kidney disease.