Biomarkers in chronic kidney disease, from kidney function to kidney damage

Table 3 Utility of new biomarkers in chronic kidney disease

Biomarker	Origin	Outcome assessed
Urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein	Proximal tubule	Diabetic Nephropathy: Microalbuminuria and mortality
Urinary N-Acetyl-b-O-glucosaminidase	Proximal tubule	Diabetic Nephropathy: Albuminuria
Urinary connective tissue growth factor	Proximal tubule	Diabetic Nephropathy: Glomerular filtration rate decline
Interleukin-18	Tubulointerstitial	Diabetic Nephropathy: Albuminuria
Apolipoprotein A-IV	Intestinal enterocytes	CKD: CKD Progression
Urinary CD14 mononuclear cells		Polycystic kidney disease: Kidney volume
Neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin	Proximal and distal tubule	Glomerulonephritis: GFR and proteinuria CKD: CKD progression, renal replacement therapy and mortality
Kidney injury molecule-1	Proximal tubule	CKD: CKD progression and renal replacement therapy
Fibroblast growth factor-23	Osteocytes and osteoblasts	Diabetic Nephropathy and others CKD: CKD progression and mortality
Urinary retinol binding protein 4	Proximal tubule	Congenital or acquired tubular dysfunction: Proximal tubule dysfunction

CKD: Chronic kidney disease.