Immune-mediated liver injury following COVID-19 vaccination

doi:10.5501/wjv.v12.i2.100

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Mar 25, 2023 (publication date) through Apr 23, 2024

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World Journal of Virology

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2220-3249

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Virol. Mar 25, 2023; 12(2): 100-108
Published online Mar 25, 2023. doi: 10.5501/wjv.v12.i2.100

Table 1 Immune-mediated phenomena concerning the liver, following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccination

Mechanism of injury	Liver antigens	Immune mediators
Molecular mimicry	SLA	Autoreactive antibodies
	CK-18	Autoreactive antibodies
Cytotoxicity/Humoral response	S protein (membrane expression)	Activated CD8 + clone/protective anti-S antibodies
Humoral response	ACE-2 transmembrane receptor	Protective anti-S antibodies
Immune complex deposition	S protein (soluble)
Immune complex deposition	Soluble ACE-2/ACE-2 ligand + S protein
“Bystander” toxicity		Activated CD8 + clone
Loss of self-tolerance/Fibrosis		Type I IFN
NLRP3 inflammasome activation		LNPs
TLR-mediated innate immune response		mRNA

SLA: Soluble Liver Antigen; CK-18: Cytokeratin 18; S protein: Spike protein; anti-S: Anti-Spike protein; ACE-2: Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2; IFN: Interferon; LNPs: Lipid nanoparticles; NLRP3: NLR family Pyrin domain containing 3; TLR: Toll-like receptor.

Citation: Schinas G, Polyzou E, Dimakopoulou V, Tsoupra S, Gogos C, Akinosoglou K. Immune-mediated liver injury following COVID-19 vaccination. World J Virol 2023; 12(2): 100-108
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3249/full/v12/i2/100.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5501/wjv.v12.i2.100