Musculoskeletal complications in long COVID-19: A systematic review

Table 1 Included systematic reviews and meta-analyses in this systematic review

Serial no.	Ref.	Reported musculoskeletal complications	Type of study	Types of patients	Rehabilitation intervention
1	Ludvigsson[2], 2021	Fatigue, muscle weakness	Systematic review	Children	No
2	Akbarialiabad et al[3], 2021	Fatigue (63%), muscle weakness	Systematic scoping review	All age groups	No
3	Michelen et al[4], 2021	Weakness (41%; 95%CI: 25%-59%), general malaise (33%; 95%CI: 15%-57%), fatigue (31%; 95%CI: 24%-39%)	Living systematic review	All age groups	No
4	Iqbal et al[5], 2021	48% fatigue in >12 wk	Systematic review and meta-analysis	All age groups	No
5	Vollbracht and Kraft[6], 2021	Vitamin C improved in post-COVID-19 fatigue; the IV vitamin C doses administered ranged from 3.5 g to > 75 g/d	A systematic review on intervention	All age groups	No
6	Jennings et al[7], 2021	Arthralgia 13% (6%-29%), myalgia 34% (2%-86%), fatigue 44% (10%-71%)	Systematic review	All age groups	No
7	Fernández-de-Las-Peñas et al[8], 2021	Fatigue (58%), headache (44%), joint pain (15%-20%)	Systematic review	All age groups	No
8	Malik et al[9], 2022	Fatigue (64, 54-73), arthralgia (24.3, 14.0-36.0), headache (21, 3-47)	Systematic review and meta-analysis	All age groups	No
9	Ceban et al[10], 2022	Fatigue in 30% of cases	Systematic review and meta-analysis	All age groups	No
10	Chen et al[11], 2022	Fatigue prevalence 0.23 (95%CI: 0.17-0.30)	Systematic review and meta-analysis	All age groups	No
11	van Kessel et al[12], 2022	Fatigue most common	Systematic review	All age groups	No
12	Alkodaymi et al[13], 2022	Fatigue 3-6 mo follow-up 32%, 36% 6-9 mo, 37% 9-12 mo, > 12 mo, 41%	Systematic review	All age groups	No
13	Fernández-de-Las-Peñas et al[14], 2022	Prevalence of post-COVID-19 myalgia, joint pain, and chest pain ranged from 5.65% to 18.15%, 4.6% to 12.1%, and 7.8% to 23.6%, respectively, at different follow-up periods during the 1st yr postinfection. Almost 10% of individuals infected by SARS-CoV-2 will suffer from musculoskeletal post-COVID-19 pain symptomatology at some time during the 1st yr after the infection	Systematic review	All age groups	No
14	Han et al[15], 2022	Fatigue/weakness (28%, 95%CI: 18%-39%), arthromyalgia (26%, 95%CI: 8%-44%)	Systematic review	All age groups	No
15	d’Ettorre et al[16], 2022	63% of fatigue reported	Systematic review	All age groups	No
16	Behnood et al[17], 2022	47% fatigue, 25% myalgia, 35% headache, females with higher pain symptoms	Systematic review	In children and young people	No
17	Nguyen et al[18], 2022	Fatigue (16%-64%), arthralgia (8%-55%), thoracic pain (5%-62%), myalgia (1%-22%), headache (9%-15%)	Systematic review	All age groups	No
18	Lopez-Leon et al[19], 2022	Fatigue (9.66%)	Systematic review	Children and adolescents	No
19	Abdel-Gawad et al[20], 2022	Fatigue (72.8%) and joint pain (31.4%)	Systematic review	All age groups	No
20	Almas et al[21], 2022	Fatigue (54.11%), arthralgia (16.35%), myalgia (5.78%), chest pain (10.37%)	Systematic review	All age groups	No
21	Maglietta et al[22], 2022	Fatigue and female sex association statistically significant, with OR = 1.54, 95%CI: 1.32-1.79	Systematic review	All age groups	No
22	Healey et al[23], 2022	fatigue (37%; 95%CI: 23%-55%), myalgia (12%; 95%CI: 5%-25%), headache (7%; 95%CI: 3%-16%), chest pain (3%; 95%CI: 1%-8%)	Systematic review	All age groups	No
23	de Oliveira Almeida et al[24], 2022	Fatigue. COVID-19 survivors can have a reduction in physical function, ability to perform activities of daily living and their health-related quality of life 1-6 mo post-infection	Systematic review	All age groups	No
24	Fugazzaro et al[25], 2022	Muscle strength, walking capacity, sit-to-stand performance improvements	Systematic review of rehabilitation interventions	All age groups	Yes

CI: Confidence interval; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; IV: Intravenous; OR: Odds ratio; SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.