Observational Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Transplant. Sep 18, 2025; 15(3): 103536
Published online Sep 18, 2025. doi: 10.5500/wjt.v15.i3.103536
Comparison of ChatGPT-3.5 and GPT-4 as potential tools in artificial intelligence-assisted clinical practice in renal and liver transplantation
Chrysanthos D Christou, Olga Sitsiani, Panagiotis Boutos, Georgios Katsanos, Georgios Papadakis, Anastasios Tefas, Vassilios Papalois, Georgios Tsoulfas
Chrysanthos D Christou, Georgios Katsanos, Georgios Tsoulfas, Center for Research and Innovation in Solid Organ Transplantation, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54622, Greece
Olga Sitsiani, Panagiotis Boutos, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54622, Greece
Georgios Papadakis, Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Guy’s Hospital, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
Anastasios Tefas, Computational Intelligence and Deep Learning Group, Department of Informatics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54636, Greece
Vassilios Papalois, Renal and Transplant Unit, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W120HS, United Kingdom
Author contributions: Christou CD, Sitsiani O, Boutos P, Katsanos G, Papadakis G, Tefas A, Papalois V, and Tsoulfas G gathered and prepared the clinical scenarios; Christou CD, Sitsiani O, and Boutos P ran the conversations and recorded the answers; Christou CD performed the statistical analysis and drafted the manuscript; and all authors reviewed and edited the manuscript.
Institutional review board statement: This study was conducted using anonymized patient data that are derived from medical records and in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments and thus does not require IRB approval.
Informed consent statement: This study was conducted using anonymized patient data that are derived from medical records and in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments and thus does not require informed consent.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
STROBE statement: The authors have read the STROBE Statement-checklist of items, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the STROBE Statement-checklist of items.
Data sharing statement: The data underlying this article are available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Chrysanthos D Christou, MD, Center for Research and Innovation in Solid Organ Transplantation, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 49 Konstantinoupoleos Street, Thessaloniki 54622, Greece. christouchrysanthosd@gmail.com
Received: November 25, 2024
Revised: January 26, 2025
Accepted: March 5, 2025
Published online: September 18, 2025
Processing time: 147 Days and 12.2 Hours
Core Tip

Core Tip: GPT-4 outperformed ChatGPT in a wide range of clinical scenarios related to kidney and liver transplantation, demonstrating greater accuracy and alignment with physician decisions across a variety of tasks, including differential diagnosis, choosing appropriate diagnostic tests and treatment, and predicting the prognosis of patients. These findings highlight the potential of artificial intelligence models like GPT-4 as valuable tools in supporting clinical decision-making in transplantation.