Observational Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2015.
World J Psychiatr. Dec 22, 2015; 5(4): 425-431
Published online Dec 22, 2015. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v5.i4.425
Table 1 Bivariate analyses comparing grade average in the last trimester for girls only
VariableGrades 13 and above (above average grades)n = 568% (n) or mean (SD)Grades 12 and below (average and below average grades)n = 541% (n) or mean (SD)StatisticP value
Age17.0 (1.4)17.6 (1.4)t1107 = -7.710.0005
Days absent in the last 30 d
Not absent65.8% (374)53.2% (285)
1 d16.0% (91)20.1% (108)
2 d8.5% (48)9.5% (51)χ52 = 24.240.0005
3-4 d3.9% (22)9.0% (48)
5-6 d2.6% (15)3.2% (17)
7 or more days3.2% (18)5.0% (27)
n = 536
Father’s education level
Not educated11.4% (58)22.4% (109)
Elementary school19.9% (101)23.2% (113)
Middle school10.5% (53)14.8% (72)χ42 = 56.590.0005
High school19.7% (100)20.9% (102)
College and beyond38.5% (195)18.7% (91)
n = 507n = 487
Mother’s education level
Not educated30.9% (167)49.1% (255)
Elementary school15.2% (82)18.7% (97)
Middle school9.4% (51)9.2% (48)χ42 = 61.970.0005
High school22.0% (119)12.9% (67)
College and beyond22.6% (122)10.0% (52)
n = 541n = 519
Socioeconomic status compared with other families in country
Above other families25.7% (146)20.1% (108)
Same as other families71.0% (403)72.5% (390)χ22 = 12.570.002
Below other families3.3% (19)7.4% (40)
n = 538
Ever used alcohol, hashish, psychotropic, or other drugs13.9 (79)18.9 (102)χ2 = 4.960.026
Age first used alcohol, hashish, or psychotropic drugs14.7 (2.5)15.7 (2.6)t142 = -2.300.023
n = 65n = 79
Used alcohol, hashish, or psychotropic drugs in the last 12 mo6.0 (34)7.9 (43)χ2 = 1.650.199
Used alcohol, hashish, or psychotropic drugs in the past 30 d3.0 (17)5.2 (28)χ2 = 3.390.066
Table 2 Bivariate analyses comparing grade average in the last trimester for boys only
VariableGrades 13 and above (above average grades)n = 377% (n) or mean (SD)Grades 12 and below (average and below average grades)n = 587% (n) or mean (SD)StatisticP value
Age17.2 (1.6)18.0 (1.6)t949 = -7.740.0005
n = 371n = 580
Days absent in the last 30 d
Not absent56.1% (211)39.4% (230)
1 d13.8% (52)17.6% (103)
2 d12.5% (47)12.7% (74)χ52 = 31.150.0005
3-4 d7.4% (28)11.3% (66)
5-6 d2.9% (11)5.7% (33)
7 or more days7.2% (27)13.4% (78)
n = 376n = 584
Father’s education level
Not educated19.5% (66)27.5% (142)
Elementary school16.3% (55)18.2% (94)
Middle school6.2% (21)11.8% (61)χ42 = 28.090.0005
High school21.6% (73)20.7% (107)
College and beyond36.4% (123)21.9% (113)
n = 338n = 517
Mother’s education level
Not educated36.3% (127)46.0% (251)
Elementary school14.3% (50)15.0% (82)
Middle school7.7% (27)9.0% (49)χ42 = 22.220.0005
High school16.9% (59)17.0% (93)
College and beyond24.9% (87)13.0% (71)
n = 350n = 546
Socioeconomic status compared with other families in country
Above other families26.1% (98)17.2% (101)
Same as other families68.5% (257)74.8% (439)χ22 = 12.400.002
Below other families5.3% (20)8.0% (47)
n = 375
Ever used alcohol, hashish, psychotropic, or other drugs33.7 (127)44.8 (263)χ2 = 11.780.001
Age first used alcohol, hashish, or psychotropic drugs15.0 (2.4)16.0 (2.0)t310 = -3.660.0005
n = 98n = 214
Used alcohol, hashish, or psychotropic drugs in the last 12 mo17.0 (64)23.3 (137)χ2 = 5.630.018
Used alcohol, hashish, or psychotropic drugs in the past 30 d10.9 (41)17.0 (100)χ2 = 6.980.008
Table 3 Reported substance use by gender
Use patternGirls n = 1109Boys n = 964
n (%)n (%)
Ever used alcohol, hashish, psychotropic, or other drugs181 (16.3)390 (40.5)
Used alcohol, hashish, or psychotropic drugs in the last 12 mo77 (6.9)201 (20.9)
Used alcohol, hashish, or psychotropic drugs in the past 30 d45 (4.1)141 (14.6)
Table 4 Multiple logistic regression predicting girls’ grade average in the last trimester, after adjusting for mother and father’s education and comparison socioeconomic status (n = 970)
Combined drug useB (SE)AOR95%CI for AORP value
Used alcohol, hashish, or psychotropic drugs in the past 30 d0.96 (0.35)2.621.31, 5.220.006
Used alcohol, hashish, or psychotropic drugs in the past 12 mo0.27 (0.38)1.30.63, 2.720.479
Ever used alcohol, hashish, psychotropic, or other drugs0.54 (0.24)1.721.07, 2.770.026
Never used----
Table 5 Multiple logistic regression predicting boys’ grade average in the last trimester, after adjusting for mother and father’s education and comparison socioeconomic status (n = 831)
Combined drug useB (SE)AOR95%CI for AORP value
Used alcohol, hashish, or psychotropic drugs in the past 30 d0.73 (0.23)2.081.33, 3.240.001
Used alcohol, hashish, or psychotropic drugs in the past 12 mo0.55 (0.29)1.741.00, 3.050.052
Ever used alcohol, hashish, psychotropic, or other drugs0.19 (0.20)1.210.82, 1.790.335
Never used----