Factors associated with hopelessness in epileptic patients

Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of the sample (n = 69)

	n (%)
Men	44.9%
Age (mean ± SD)	38.86 ± 15.99
Epilepsy
Generalized seizures	35.4%
Partial seizures	64.6%

Table 2 Differences between diagnostic groups (generalized seizures vs partial seizures)

		Mean	SD	t-tests (DF: 67)	Significance
Age	Partial seizures	40.81	15.09	1.06	0.30
	Generalized seizures	36.35	18.35
Men (%)	Partial seizures	35.7%	-		0.09
	Generalized seizures	56.5%	-
BHS	Partial seizures	6.86	4.05	1.27	0.21
	Generalized seizures	5.52	4.04
BHS ≥ 9	Partial seizures	28.6%	-	-	-
	Generalized seizures	21.7%	-	-	-
BDI-II	Partial seizures	31.07	8.67	1.12	0.27
	Generalized seizures	28.70	7.16
BDI-II ≥ 21	Partial seizures	100%	-	-	-
	Generalized seizures	100%	-	-	-
QOLIE-89
Health Perception	Partial seizures	68.55	19.63	0.45	0.66
	Generalized seizures	66.12	23.07
Overall QOL	Partial seizures	64.09	17.16	-1.67	0.10
	Generalized seizures	71.74	18.47
Physical function	Partial seizures	85.48	22.14	0.24	0.81
	Generalized seizures	84.13	21.19
Role limitations due to physical problems	Partial seizures	74.29	31.94	0.54	0.59
	Generalized seizures	69.57	37.11
Role limitations due to emotional problems	Partial seizures	72.86	36.38	-2.16	0.05
	Generalized seizures	89.57	25.49
Pain	Partial seizures	81.79	23.09	1.72	0.09
	Generalized seizures	70.33	29.96
Work/driving/social function	Partial seizures	84.18	13.94	0.06	0.96
	Generalized seizures	83.99	11.37
Energy/fatigue	Partial seizures	59.72	20.06	-0.9	0.37
	Generalized seizures	64.78	24.56
Emotional wellbeing	Partial seizures	63.62	21.98	-1.85	0.07
	Generalized seizures	72.70	17.04
Attention/concentration	Partial seizures	74.22	23.97	-1.77	0.08
	Generalized seizures	82.58	14.18
Health discouragement	Partial seizures	77.38	21.98	-0.08	0.94

BHS: Beck Hopelessness Scale; BDI-II: Beck Depression Inventory-II; QOL: Quality of life; QOLIE-89: Quality of life in Epilepsy-89; DF: Degree of freedom.

Table 3 Differences between patients with scores of 9 or higher on the Beck Hopelessness Scale and patients with lower scores

		Mean	SD	t-tests (DF: 67)	Significance
Age	Lower hopelessness	35.04	14.37	-3.80	0.001
	Higher hopelessness	50.53	15.36
Men (%)	Lower hopelessness	50.0%	-	-	0.11
	Higher hopelessness	29.4%
Generalized seizures	Lower hopelessness	37.5%			0.39
	Higher hopelessness	29.4%	-
BDI-II	Lower hopelessness	27.46	5.88	-4.84	0.001
	Higher hopelessness	38.24	8.53
QOLIE-89
Health Perception	Lower hopelessness	72.52	18.93	3.14	0.01
	Higher hopelessness	55.64	20.14
Overall QOL	Lower hopelessness	70.25	17.03	3.69	0.001
	Higher hopelessness	54.85	14.10
Physical function	Lower hopelessness	87.31	20.47	1.73	0.09
	Higher hopelessness	76.77	25.86
Role limitations due to physical problems	Lower hopelessness	78.08	31.25	2.23	0.05
	Higher hopelessness	57.65	37.34
Role limitations due to emotional problems	Lower hopelessness	86.92	26.83	3.27	0.01
	Higher hopelessness	52.94	39.96
Pain	Lower hopelessness	81.88	22.92	2.46	0.05
	Higher hopelessness	64.56	31.24
Work/driving/social function	Lower hopelessness	84.39	13.32	0.25	0.81
	Higher hopelessness	83.48	13.45
Energy/fatigue	Lower hopelessness	66.22	20.13	3.11	0.01
	Higher hopelessness	48.53	21.05
Emotional wellbeing	Lower hopelessness	73.08	17.64	4.76	0.001
	Higher hopelessness	49.41	18.27
Attention/concentration	Lower hopelessness	79.29	21.80	0.86	0.39
	Higher hopelessness	74.25	18.25
Health discouragement	Lower hopelessness	81.35	17.49	1.47	0.16
	Higher hopelessness	69.41	31.91
Seizure worry	Lower hopelessness	63.33	22.50	1.99	0.051
	Higher hopelessness	51.23	19.23
Memory	Lower hopelessness	71.43	25.39	2.27	0.05
	Higher hopelessness	55.08	26.84
Language	Lower hopelessness	79.69	23.12	1.63	0.11
	Higher hopelessness	69.18	22.88
Medication effects	Lower hopelessness	78.21	25.58	-0.43	0.67
	Higher hopelessness	81.21	22.77
Social support	Lower hopelessness	75.24	20.448	1.73	0.09
	Higher hopelessness	64.71	25.76
Social isolation	Lower hopelessness	88.65	17.60	2.45	0.05
	Higher hopelessness	71.18	27.59
Change in health	Lower hopelessness	67.31	27.36	2.49	0.05
	Higher hopelessness	48.53	25.72
Sexual relations	Lower hopelessness	63.73	28.86	1.50	0.14
	Higher hopelessness	51.47	29.94
Overall Health	Lower hopelessness	72.50	19.29	3.21	0.01
	Higher hopelessness	55.63	15.04

BDI-II: Beck Depression Inventory-II; QOL: Quality of life; QOLIE-89: Quality of life in Epilepsy-89; DF: Degree of freedom.

Table 4 Logistic regression model (patients with Beck Hopelessness Scale scores < 9 as reference)

	Beta	SE	Wald	DF	Significance	OR	95%CI for OR
							Lower	Upper
Age	0.21	0.09	50.02	11	0.05	1.23	1.03	1.47
BDI-II	0.30	0.16	30.38	11	0.07	1.34	0.98	1.84
Health Perception	-0.02	0.04	0.25	11	0.61	0.98	0.90	1.06
Overall QOL	-0.23	0.12	30.97	11	0.05	0.79	0.63	1.00
Role limitations due to physical problems	-0.01	0.03	0.08	11	0.77	0.99	0.94	1.04
Role limitations due to emotional problems	0.00	0.02	0.01	11	0.93	1.00	0.96	1.04
Pain	-0.08	0.05	20.97	11	0.09	0.92	0.85	1.01
Energy/fatigue	0.23	0.11	40.65	11	0.05	1.26	1.02	1.55
Emotional wellbeing	-0.16	0.08	40.38	11	0.05	0.85	0.74	0.99
Memory	-0.09	0.05	20.88	11	0.09	0.92	0.83	1.01
Social isolation	0.10	0.05	30.24	11	0.07	1.10	0.99	1.22
Change in health	-0.01	0.03	0.23	11	0.63	0.99	0.93	1.04
Overall health	-0.07	0.05	10.83	11	0.18	0.93	0.84	1.03
Diagnosis by role limitations due to emotional problems	0.02	0.02	0.75	1	0.39	0.98	0.95	1.02

QOL: Quality of life; SE: Standard error; DF: Degree of freedom.