Observational Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Psychiatry. May 19, 2025; 15(5): 104766
Published online May 19, 2025. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v15.i5.104766
Table 1 Participants’ demographic characteristics, self-care behavior, depression, and self-perceived burden (n = 599)
Variable
Mean (SD)/median (IQR)
Geo mean (95%CI)
n (%)
Age (yr)59.60 (12.68)57.98 (56.83-59.15)-
Gender---
Male--313 (52.3)
Female--286 (47.7)
Marriage
Married--541 (90.3)
Unmarried--58 (9.7)
Education---
Junior college or below--536 (89.5)
College or above--63 (10.5)
Diabetes duration (yr)7.00 (1.00-12.00)4.46 (4.00-4.97)-
1-10--430 (71.8)
> 10--69 (28.2)
Do you drink alcohol?---
Yes--119 (19.9)
No--480 (80.1)
Do you smoke?---
Yes--141 (23.5)
No--458 (76.5)
Self-care behavior (SDSCA total)43.78 (15.66)40.42 (39.04-41.85)-
Diet18.85 (5.59)17.81 (17.29-18.34)-
Exercise6.53 (4.31)6.42 (6.08-6.77)-
Blood sugar testing5.94 (5.08)6.06 (5.65-6.50)-
Foot care7.21 (5.63)8.37 (7.89-8.88)-
Taking medication5.25 (2.64)5.80 (5.60-6.01)-
Self-perceived burden19.12 (9.34)17.23 (16.63-17.85)19 (3.17)
Depression4.98 (5.31)4.77 (4.40-5.17)-
Depressed--252 (42.1)
Not depressed--347 (57.9)
SD: Standard deviation; IQR: Quartile deviation; Geo: Geometric; CI: Confidence interval; SDSCA: Summary of diabetes self-care activities.
Table 2 Correlations between self-care behavior, depression, and self-perceived burden
Outcome variables
Self-care behavior
Depression
Self-perceived burden
Self-care behavior1.00--
Depression-0.197a1-
Self-perceived burden-0.168a0.485a1.00
aP < 0.01.
Table 3 Self-care behaviors’ mediating role on self-perceived burden and depression
ParticipantsVariablePath c
Path c’ and b
Path a
Path a × b
B
SE
B
SE
B
SE
B
SE
LLCI
ULCI
TotalSelf-perceived burden0.276a0.0200.265a0.021-0.281a0.0680.020a0.0080.0070.036
Self-care behaviors---0.041a0.012--
R2-0.249-0.236-0.028-----
F-98.948-183.852-17.253-----
aP < 0.01.
LLCI: Lower-level confidence interval; ULCI: Upper-level confidence interval.