Correlation between mild behavioral impairment and peripheral blood biomarkers in patients with mild cognitive impairment

doi:10.5498/wjp.v15.i5.103256

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World Journal of Psychiatry

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World J Psychiatry. May 19, 2025; 15(5): 103256
Published online May 19, 2025. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v15.i5.103256

Table 1 Demographic, cognitive, and behavioral characteristics of healthy older adult and mild cognitive impairment populations, n (%)

Characteristic	HOA (n = 136)	MCI (n = 105)	t/χ²/K-W	P value
Age (years, mean ± SD)	71.8 ± 8.1	77.1 ± 7.9	5.160	< 0.001
Male	45 (33.1)	38 (36.2)	0.253	0.615
Years of education median (P₂₅, P₇₅)	12 (9, 14)	10 (7, 13.5)	1.305	0.192
Bereavement	29 (21.3)	25 (23.8)	0.211	0.646
Smoking history	6 (4.4)	7 (6.7)	0.606	0.738
Drinking history	16 (11.8)	15 (14.3)	1.987	0.370
Hypertension	48 (35.3)	41 (39.0)	0.358	0.549
Coronary heart disease	26 (19.1)	31 (29.5)	3.553	0.059
Diabetes	18 (13.2)	26 (24.8)	5.275	0.022
Hyperlipidemia	40 (29.4)	29 (27.6)	0.093	0.760
SCD (yes, cases)	109 (80.1)	89 (84.8)	0.861	0.354
MMSE median (P₂₅, P₇₅)	28 (28, 29)	25 (24, 27)	11.048	< 0.001
MoCA median (P₂₅, P₇₅)	27 (26, 28)	23 (19, 24)	11.862	< 0.001
CDT median (P₂₅, P₇₅)	4 (4, 4)	3 (2, 4)	5.780	< 0.001
BNT median (P₂₅, P₇₅)	26 (23, 27)	24 (21, 26)	4.129	< 0.001
DST median (P₂₅, P₇₅)	10 (8, 11)	8 (6, 10)	4.271	< 0.001
MBI total score median (P₂₅, P₇₅)	0 (0, 2)	0 (0, 3)	2.223	0.026
MBI > 1	50 (36.8)	50 (47.6)	2.876	0.090
MBI > 6.5	6 (4.4)	16 (15.3)	7.262	0.007
Decreased motivation > 0	14 (10.3)	21 (20.2)	4.635	0.031
Emotional dysregulation	17 (12.5)	20 (19.2)	2.047	0.152
Impulse dyscontrol	39 (28.7)	51 (49.4)	5.063	0.025
Social inappropriateness	1 (0.7)	5 (4.8)	4.010	0.045
Abnormal perception or thought content
FAQ median (P₂₅, P₇₅)	0 (0, 0)	0 (0, 2)	3.372	0.001

Independent sample t-test for variable of normal distribution, Mann-Whitney U for variable of non-normal distribution, χ² test for categorical variables. HOA: Healthy old adults; MCI: Mild cognitive impairment; SCD: Subjective cognitive impairment; MMSE: Mini-mental state examination; MoCA: Montreal cognitive assessment; CDT: Clock drawing test; BNT: Boston naming test; DST: Digit span test; MBI: Mild behavioral impairment; P₂₅: Lower quartile; P₇₅: Upper quartile; FAQ: Functional activities questionnaire.

Table 2 Demographic characteristics and cognitive and behavioral features of non-mild behavioral impairment and mild behavioral impairment groups in mild cognitive impairment, mean ± SD/n (%)

Characteristic	MCI (n = 105)		t/χ²/K-W	P value
Characteristic	MBI- (n = 89)	MBI+ (n = 16)	t/χ²/K-W	P value
Age (years)	77.5 ± 8.1	75.3 ± 6.1	0.997	0.321
Male	31 (34.8)	7 (43.8)	0.467	0.494
Education years median (P₂₅, P₇₅)	10 (6, 14)	12 (9.5, 12)	0.901	0.367
Bereavement	22 (24.7)	3 (13.8)	0.266	0.606
Current smoking	4 (4.5)	3 (18.8)	5.328	0.058
Current drinking	11 (12.4)	4 (25.0)	3.413	0.171
Hypertension	30 (33.7)	11 (68.8)	6.997	0.008
Coronary heart disease	24 (27.0)	7 (43.8)	1.836	0.175
Diabetes	20 (22.5)	6 (37.5)	1.644	0.200
Hyperlipidemia	23 (25.8)	6 (37.5)	0.922	0.337
SCD	73 (82.0)	16 (100)	3.394	0.065
MMSE median (P₂₅, P₇₅)	25 (24, 27)	25 (23.3, 27)	0.250	0.803
MoCA median (P₂₅, P₇₅)	22 (19, 24)	23 (19.5, 24)	0.405	0.686
CDT median (P₂₅, P₇₅)	3 (2, 4)	3.5 (2, 4)	0.195	0.845
BNT (points)	22.8 ± 4.5	23.8 ± 3.2	0.839	0.403
DST (points)	8.5 ± 2.7	8.3 ± 2.0	0.227	0.821
MBI total score median (P₂₅, P₇₅)	0 (0, 2)	9.5 (7.5, 12.8)	6.322	< 0.001
FAQ median (P₂₅, P₇₅)	0 (0, 2)	1 (0, 4.8)	2.042	0.041

Independent sample t-test for variable of normal distribution, Mann-Whitney U for variable of non-normal distribution, χ² test for categorical variables. MBI: Mild behavioral impairment; MCI: Mild cognitive impairment; SCD: Subjective cognitive impairment; MMSE: Mini-mental state examination; MoCA: Montreal cognitive assessment; CDT: Clock drawing test; BNT: Boston naming test; DST: Digit span test; P₂₅: Lower quartile; P₇₅: Upper quartile; FAQ: Functional activities questionnaire.

Table 3 Mild behavioral impairment-checklist subdomain scores of non-mild behavioral impairment and mild behavioral impairment groups in mild cognitive impairment

	MCI (n = 105)		*K-W*	P value
	MBI- (n = 89)	MBI+ (n = 16)	*K-W*	P value
Decreased motivation median (P₂₅, P₇₅)	0 (0, 0)	2 (0, 3)	4.561	< 0.001
Emotional dysregulation median (P₂₅, P₇₅)	0 (0, 0)	2 (0, 5)	5.143	< 0.001
Impulse dyscontrol median (P₂₅, P₇₅)	0 (0, 1)	4 (1.3, 7.5)	5.233	< 0.001
Social inappropriateness median (P₂₅, P₇₅)	0 (0, 0)	0 (0, 1)	5.349	< 0.001
Abnormal perception or thought content median (P₂₅, P₇₅)	0 (0, 0)	0 (0, 0)

P values were calculated using Mann Whitney U Test. MBI: Mild behavioral impairment; MCI: Mild cognitive impairment; P₂₅: Lower quartile; P₇₅: Upper quartile.

Table 4 Analysis of multivariable linear regression for factors influencing amyloid β 42

Variable	Unstandardized coefficients		Standardized coefficients	t	P value
Variable	B	SE	β	t	P value
Constant	288.851	93.373		3.094	0.004
Age	0.864	0.940	0.155	0.919	0.366
Years of education	-0.641	1.807	-0.077	-0.355	0.725
MMSE total score	-2.984	5.140	-0.177	-0.581	0.566
MBI-C total score	-5.277	2.000	-0.445	-2.638	0.013

P values were calculated using multivariable linear regression. MBI-C: Mild behavioral impairment-checklist; MMSE: Mini-mental state examination.

Citation: Liang W, Wang L, Song M, Geng H, Jing XY, Li W, Huo YX, Huang AQ, Wang XY, An CX. Correlation between mild behavioral impairment and peripheral blood biomarkers in patients with mild cognitive impairment. World J Psychiatry 2025; 15(5): 103256
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v15/i5/103256.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v15.i5.103256