Case Control Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Psychiatry. May 19, 2025; 15(5): 103256
Published online May 19, 2025. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v15.i5.103256
Table 1 Demographic, cognitive, and behavioral characteristics of healthy older adult and mild cognitive impairment populations, n (%)
Characteristic
HOA (n = 136)
MCI (n = 105)
t/χ2/K-W
P value
Age (years, mean ± SD)71.8 ± 8.177.1 ± 7.95.160< 0.001
Male45 (33.1)38 (36.2)0.2530.615
Years of education median (P25, P75)12 (9, 14)10 (7, 13.5)1.3050.192
Bereavement29 (21.3)25 (23.8)0.2110.646
Smoking history6 (4.4)7 (6.7)0.6060.738
Drinking history16 (11.8)15 (14.3)1.9870.370
Hypertension48 (35.3)41 (39.0)0.3580.549
Coronary heart disease26 (19.1)31 (29.5)3.5530.059
Diabetes18 (13.2)26 (24.8)5.2750.022
Hyperlipidemia40 (29.4)29 (27.6)0.0930.760
SCD (yes, cases)109 (80.1)89 (84.8)0.8610.354
MMSE median (P25, P75)28 (28, 29)25 (24, 27)11.048< 0.001
MoCA median (P25, P75)27 (26, 28)23 (19, 24)11.862< 0.001
CDT median (P25, P75)4 (4, 4)3 (2, 4)5.780< 0.001
BNT median (P25, P75)26 (23, 27)24 (21, 26)4.129< 0.001
DST median (P25, P75)10 (8, 11)8 (6, 10)4.271< 0.001
MBI total score median (P25, P75)0 (0, 2)0 (0, 3)2.2230.026
MBI > 150 (36.8)50 (47.6)2.8760.090
MBI > 6.56 (4.4)16 (15.3)7.2620.007
Decreased motivation > 014 (10.3)21 (20.2)4.6350.031
Emotional dysregulation17 (12.5)20 (19.2)2.0470.152
Impulse dyscontrol39 (28.7)51 (49.4)5.0630.025
Social inappropriateness1 (0.7)5 (4.8)4.0100.045
Abnormal perception or thought content
FAQ median (P25, P75)0 (0, 0)0 (0, 2)3.3720.001
Table 2 Demographic characteristics and cognitive and behavioral features of non-mild behavioral impairment and mild behavioral impairment groups in mild cognitive impairment, mean ± SD/n (%)
CharacteristicMCI (n = 105)
t/χ2/K-W
P value
MBI- (n = 89)
MBI+ (n = 16)
Age (years)77.5 ± 8.175.3 ± 6.10.9970.321
Male31 (34.8)7 (43.8)0.4670.494
Education years median (P25, P75)10 (6, 14)12 (9.5, 12)0.9010.367
Bereavement22 (24.7)3 (13.8)0.2660.606
Current smoking4 (4.5)3 (18.8)5.3280.058
Current drinking11 (12.4)4 (25.0)3.4130.171
Hypertension30 (33.7)11 (68.8)6.9970.008
Coronary heart disease24 (27.0)7 (43.8)1.8360.175
Diabetes20 (22.5)6 (37.5)1.6440.200
Hyperlipidemia23 (25.8)6 (37.5)0.9220.337
SCD73 (82.0)16 (100)3.3940.065
MMSE median (P25, P75)25 (24, 27)25 (23.3, 27)0.2500.803
MoCA median (P25, P75)22 (19, 24)23 (19.5, 24)0.4050.686
CDT median (P25, P75)3 (2, 4)3.5 (2, 4)0.1950.845
BNT (points)22.8 ± 4.523.8 ± 3.20.8390.403
DST (points)8.5 ± 2.78.3 ± 2.00.2270.821
MBI total score median (P25, P75)0 (0, 2)9.5 (7.5, 12.8)6.322< 0.001
FAQ median (P25, P75)0 (0, 2)1 (0, 4.8)2.0420.041
Table 3 Mild behavioral impairment-checklist subdomain scores of non-mild behavioral impairment and mild behavioral impairment groups in mild cognitive impairment
MCI (n = 105)
K-W
P value
MBI- (n = 89)
MBI+ (n = 16)
Decreased motivation median (P25, P75)0 (0, 0)2 (0, 3)4.561< 0.001
Emotional dysregulation median (P25, P75)0 (0, 0)2 (0, 5)5.143< 0.001
Impulse dyscontrol median (P25, P75)0 (0, 1)4 (1.3, 7.5)5.233< 0.001
Social inappropriateness median (P25, P75)0 (0, 0)0 (0, 1)5.349< 0.001
Abnormal perception or thought content median (P25, P75)0 (0, 0)0 (0, 0)
Table 4 Analysis of multivariable linear regression for factors influencing amyloid β 42
VariableUnstandardized coefficients
Standardized coefficients
t
P value
B
SE
β
Constant288.85193.3733.0940.004
Age0.8640.9400.1550.9190.366
Years of education-0.6411.807-0.077-0.3550.725
MMSE total score-2.9845.140-0.177-0.5810.566
MBI-C total score-5.2772.000-0.445-2.6380.013