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©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Psychiatry. Dec 19, 2024; 14(12): 1905-1917
Published online Dec 19, 2024. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v14.i12.1905
Published online Dec 19, 2024. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v14.i12.1905
Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of diabetic retinopathy patients
Variable | Patients (n = 200) | Percentage (%) |
Sex | ||
Male | 96 | 48.0 |
Female | 104 | 52.0 |
Age (year) | 54.62 ± 10.85 | / |
Education | ||
Primary | 23 | 11.5 |
Secondary | 37 | 18.5 |
Senior high school | 98 | 49.0 |
College or above | 42 | 21.0 |
Duration of diabetes, year | ||
< 5 | 58 | 29.0 |
≥ 5 | 142 | 71.0 |
Depression | ||
Yes | 52 | 26.0 |
No | 148 | 74.0 |
Anxiety | ||
Yes | 28 | 14.0 |
No | 172 | 86.0 |
Visual impairment | ||
Yes | 169 | 84.5 |
No | 31 | 15.5 |
Good quality of life (DSQL score < 40) | ||
Good | 39 | 19.5 |
Poor | 161 | 80.5 |
Social support | ||
Low support | 69 | 34.5 |
Moderate support | 83 | 41.5 |
High support | 48 | 24.0 |
History of smoking | ||
Yes | 68 | 34.0 |
No | 132 | 66.0 |
History of drinking | ||
Yes | 74 | 37.0 |
No | 126 | 63.0 |
Complicated with hypertension | ||
Yes | 136 | 68.0 |
No | 64 | 32.0 |
Diabetes history | ||
Yes | 172 | 86.0 |
No | 28 | 14.0 |
Residence | ||
Rural | 89 | 44.5 |
Urban | 111 | 55.5 |
Diabetes type | ||
Type 1 diabetes | 5 | 2.5 |
Type 2 diabetes | 195 | 97.5 |
Diabetes medication | ||
Oral hypoglycemic drugs | 63 | 31.5 |
Insulin injection | 41 | 20.5 |
Both | 96 | 48.0 |
Marital status | ||
Married | 115 | 57.5 |
Single | 32 | 16.0 |
Divorced/widowed | 53 | 26.5 |
Blood glucose control | ||
Good | 37 | 18.5 |
General | 96 | 48.0 |
Bad | 67 | 33.5 |
Table 2 Univariate analysis of depression
Variable | Without depression (n = 148) | Depression (n = 52) | χ2 | P value |
Sex | ||||
Male | 76 | 20 | 3.257 | 0.083 |
Female | 72 | 32 | ||
Education | 12.841 | 0.006 | ||
Primary | 18 | 5 | ||
Secondary | 28 | 9 | ||
Senior high school | 63 | 35 | ||
College or above | 39 | 3 | ||
Duration of diabetes, year | 4.423 | 0.035 | ||
< 5 | 37 | 21 | ||
≥ 5 | 111 | 31 | ||
Visual impairment | 9.556 | < 0.001 | ||
Yes | 132 | 37 | ||
No | 16 | 15 | ||
Good quality of life (DSQL score < 40) | 27.379 | < 0.001 | ||
Good | 16 | 23 | ||
Poor | 132 | 29 | ||
Social support | 13.274 | 0.001 | ||
Low support | 57 | 12 | ||
Moderate support | 65 | 18 | ||
High support | 26 | 22 | ||
History of smoking | 1.568 | 0.211 | ||
Yes | 54 | 14 | ||
No | 94 | 38 | ||
History of drinking | 0.105 | 0.745 | ||
Yes | 43 | 31 | ||
No | 105 | 21 | ||
Complicated with hypertension | 12.421 | < 0.001 | ||
Yes | 109 | 27 | ||
No | 39 | 25 | ||
Diabetes history | 3.293 | 0.696 | ||
Yes | 149 | 23 | ||
No | 7 | 21 | ||
Residence | 0.046 | 0.829 | ||
Rural | 72 | 17 | ||
Urban | 76 | 35 | ||
Diabetes type | 1.367 | 0.618 | ||
Type 1 diabetes | 3 | 2 | ||
Type 2 diabetes | 145 | 50 | ||
Diabetes medication | 2.632 | 0.355 | ||
Oral hypoglycemic drugs | 35 | 28 | ||
Insulin injection | 26 | 15 | ||
Both | 87 | 9 | ||
Marital status | 0.938 | 0.626 | ||
Married | 88 | 27 | ||
Single | 23 | 9 | ||
Divorced/widowed | 37 | 16 | ||
Blood glucose control | 1.438 | 0.487 | ||
Good | 24 | 5 | ||
General | 69 | 25 | ||
Bad | 55 | 22 |
Table 3 Univariate analysis of anxiety
Variable | Without anxiety (n = 172) | Anxiety (n = 28) | χ2 | P value |
Sex | ||||
Male | 78 | 18 | 3.459 | 0.063 |
Female | 94 | 10 | ||
Education | 5.885 | 0.117 | ||
Primary | 21 | 2 | ||
Secondary | 32 | 5 | ||
Senior high school | 79 | 19 | ||
College or above | 40 | 2 | ||
Duration of diabetes, year | 33.459 | < 0.001 | ||
< 5 | 37 | 21 | ||
≥ 5 | 135 | 7 | ||
Visual impairment | 39.489 | < 0.001 | ||
Yes | 157 | 12 | ||
No | 15 | 16 | ||
Good quality of life (DSQL score < 40) | 29.389 | < 0.001 | ||
Good | 23 | 16 | ||
Poor | 149 | 12 | ||
Social support | 21.445 | < 0.001 | ||
Low support | 67 | 2 | ||
Moderate support | 73 | 10 | ||
High support | 32 | 16 | ||
History of smoking | 5.558 | 0.018 | ||
Yes | 53 | 15 | ||
No | 119 | 13 | ||
History of drinking | 0.388 | 0.534 | ||
Yes | 67 | 7 | ||
No | 151 | 21 | ||
Complicated with hypertension | 12.337 | < 0.001 | ||
Yes | 125 | 11 | ||
No | 47 | 17 | ||
Diabetes history | 46.252 | < 0.001 | ||
Yes | 160 | 12 | ||
No | 12 | 16 | ||
Residence | 0.832 | 0.362 | ||
Rural | 125 | 18 | ||
Urban | 47 | 10 | ||
Diabetes type | 0.288 | 0.592 | ||
Type 1 diabetes | 4 | 1 | ||
Type 2 diabetes | 168 | 27 | ||
Diabetes medication | 5.354 | 0.069 | ||
Oral hypoglycemic drugs | 49 | 14 | ||
Insulin injection | 36 | 5 | ||
Both | 87 | 9 | ||
Marital status | 0.445 | 0.801 | ||
Married | 98 | 17 | ||
Single | 27 | 5 | ||
Divorced/widowed | 47 | 6 | ||
Blood glucose control | 7.928 | 0.019 | ||
Good | 29 | 8 | ||
General | 79 | 17 | ||
Bad | 64 | 3 |
Table 4 Binary logistic regression analysis of diabetic retinopathy combined with depression
Variable | Reference | P value | OR | 95%CI |
Education | ||||
Senior high school | Primary and secondary | 0.926 | 1.067 | 0.683-2.128 |
Duration of diabetes, year | ||||
≥ 5 | < 5 | 0.041 | 1.943 | 1.826-2.139 |
Visual impairment | ||||
Yes | No | 0.048 | 1.198 | 1.143-1.324 |
Good quality of life (DSQL score < 40) | ||||
Good | Poor | 0.046 | 0.573 | 0.456-0.784 |
Social support | ||||
High support | Low and moderate support | 0.021 | 0.912 | 0.893-0.985 |
Complicated with hypertension | ||||
Yes | No | 0.035 | 1.307 | 1.113-2.194 |
Table 5 Binary logistic regression analysis of diabetic retinopathy combined with anxiety
Variable | Reference | P value | OR | 95%CI |
History of smoking | ||||
Yes | No | 0.876 | 1.264 | 0.721-1.965 |
Duration of diabetes, year | ||||
≥ 5 | < 5 | 0.032 | 1.526 | 1.451-1.863 |
Visual impairment | ||||
Yes | No | 0.028 | 1.746 | 1.282-2.359 |
Good quality of life (DSQL score < 40) | ||||
Good | Poor | 0.013 | 0.738 | 0.567-0.936 |
Social support | ||||
High support | Low and moderate support | 0.029 | 0.863 | 0.672-0.994 |
Complicated with hypertension | ||||
Yes | No | < 0.001 | 1.836 | 1.517-2.592 |
Diabetes history | ||||
Yes | No | 0.017 | 2.065 | 1.792-3.571 |
Blood glucose control | ||||
Good | General and bad | 1.525 | 2.369 | 0.915-4.317 |
- Citation: Gao S, Liu X. Analysis of anxiety and depression status and their influencing factors in patients with diabetic retinopathy. World J Psychiatry 2024; 14(12): 1905-1917
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v14/i12/1905.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v14.i12.1905