Trajectories of response in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: A one-year prospective cohort study of antipsychotic effectiveness

Table 1 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics in response trajectory analyses (mean ± SD)

	Strong response group (n = 19)	Good response group (n = 106)	Slight response group (n = 19)	Total (n = 144)	P value (3 groups)	P value (2 groups)
	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)
Men	13 (68.4)	70 (66)	10 (52.6)	93 (64.6)	0.495	0.242
White	14 (87.5)	87 (87.9)	17 (89.5)	118 (88.1)	0.978	0.837
Living alone	7 (38.9)	48 (48)	6 (31.6)	61 (44.5)	0.640	0.418
Employed	3 (17.6)	32 (32)	1 (5.3)	36 (26.5)	0.036	0.024
Smokers	13 (81.2)	58 (61.1)	13 (81.2)	84 (66.1)	0.113	0.172
Alcohol abuse/dependence	2 (13.3)	8 (7.9)	3 (15.8)	13 (9.6)	0.496	0.326
Drug abuse/dependence	4 (26.7)	19 (18.6)	4 (21.1)	27 (19.9)	0.759	0.888
AP-naive	5 (26.3)	45 (42.4)	6 (31.6)	56 (38.9)	0.323	0.483
Antipsychotic drug					0.046	0.023
Amisulpride	9 (47.4)	34 (32.1)	1 (5.3)	44 (30.6)
Aripiprazole	4 (21.1)	37 (34.9)	7 (36.8)	48 (33.3)
Olanzapine	6 (31.6)	35 (33)	11 (57.9)	52 (36.1)
Diagnosis					0.226	0.428
Schizophrenia F20	15 (78.9)	56 (52.8)	13 (68.4)	84 (58.3)
Schizotypal F21	0 (0)	1 (0.9)	1 (5.3)	2 (1.4)
Delusional disorder F22	1 (5.3)	18 (17)	2 (10.5)	21 (14.6)
Acute and transient F23	2 (10.5)	16 (15.1)	0 (0)	21 (14.6)
Schizo-affective F25	1 (5.3)	7 (6.6)	2 (10.5)	10 (6.9)
Other nonorganic F28	0 (0)	1 (0.9)	0 (0)	1 (0.7)
Unspecified nonorganic F29	0 (0)	7 (6.6)	1 (5.3)	8 (5.5)
Age	31.7 (12.3)	31.3 (12.7)	33.5 (13.9)	31.7 (12.7)	0.798	0.508
DUP
Mean weeks	114 (207)	101.7 (261.6)	119 (163.1)	105.1 (244.2)	0.979	0.875
Median weeks	6	25	40	21	0.332	0.966
Duration of AP treatment (weeks)	21.1 (19.3)	19.8 (20.9)	16.2 (14.5)	19.5 (19.9)	0.716	0.436
Years of education	11.0 (1.6)	12.6 (2.9)	11.6 (2.3)	12.2 (2.7)	0.047	0.303
CGI-S	5.8 (0.6)	4.8 (0.8)	5.3 (0.7)	5.0 (0.8)	< 0.001	0.061
GAF	30.6 (10.7)	37.4 (8.7)	32.2 (8.0)	35.8 (9.3)	0.002	0.068
CDSS	8.1 (6.4)	6.0 (4.8)	9.0 (4.9)	6.7 (5.1)	0.035	0.038
PANSS total	94.7 (12.2)	72.3 (12.1)	85.4 (15.6)	78.4 (15.9)	< 0.001	0.023
PANSS positive	25.4 (5.2)	19.8 (4)	22.2 (4.1)	21.2 (4.8)	< 0.001	0.123
PANSS negative	20.8 (6.2)	16.2 (5.2)	21.4 (6.1)	17.8 (6.1)	< 0.001	0.006
PANSS general	48.4 (6.3)	36.3 (6.6)	41.8 (9)	39.4 (8.6)	< 0.001	0.172

Chi-square and ANOVAs were used. For the antipsychotic parameter, Fisher’s test was used.

Smokers: Daily tobacco smokers; AP-naïve: No previous exposure to antipsychotic drugs; DUP: Duration of Untreated Psychosis; CGI-S: Clinical Global Impression severity of illness scale; GAF: Global Assessment of Functioning scale-split version, average of GAF function and GAF symptom scale score; CDSS: The Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia total score; PANSS: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.

Table 2 Response measured as Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total score improvement from baseline

	Baseline PANSS total score	1 wk1	3 wk1	6 wk1	12 wk1	26 wk1	39 wk1	52 wk1
Strong response group	99.7	12.0 (17.2%)	26.6 (38.2%)	33.5 (48.1%)	42.4 (60.8%)	48.3 (69.3%)	56.7 (81.3%)	57.5 (82.5%)
Good response group	73.3	10.2 (23.5%)	16.3 (37.6%)	19.3 (44.7%)	19.8 (45.8%)	23.4 (54%)	25.8 (59.6%)	25.7 (59.4%)
Slight response group	86.1	3.5 (6.2%)	9.0 (16%)	1.5 (2.7%)	6.4 (11.3%)	1.7 (3%)	7.5 (13.4%)	7.6 (13.6%)
Total	78.4	9.9 (20.5%)	16.7 (34.5%)	18.4 (38%)	20.7 (42.6%)	22.1 (45.6%)	26.4 (54.4%)	27.2 (56.2%)

¹PANSS total baseline–PANSS total follow-up point. PANSS: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; %: Percentage of improvement from baseline score.