Childhood maltreatment and suicide ideation: A possible mediation of social support

Table 1 General characteristics of study participants

Characteristic		mean ± SD1/median (IQR)2	n (%)
Age		13.46 ± 1.951
Mother’s age		39.00 ± 5.761
Male sex			2359 (49.85)
Ethnicity
Han majority			1312 (27.73)
Minorities			3420 (72.27)
Grade
Primary school			1617 (34.17)
Junior high school			2544 (53.76)
Senior high school			571 (12.07)
Residence
Urban			1581 (33.41)
Rural			3151 (66.59)
Childhood maltreatment
Physical abuse (yes)			928 (19.61)
Emotional abuse (yes)			1269 (26.82)
Sexual abuse (yes)			595 (12.57)
Physical neglect (yes)			2337 (49.39)
Emotional neglect (yes)			3067 (64.81)
Boarding students (yes)			2373 (50.14)
Single child (yes)			1061 (22.42)
Living situation
With both parents			3272 (69.15)
With single parent			618 (13.06)
With others			1460 (17.79)
Perceived social support (CASS score)
Parents	37 (9)2
Teachers	42 (8)2
Classmates	37 (9)2
Close friends	39 (9)2
Suicide ideation (yes)
1-wk			1271 (26.85)
1-yr			1656 (34.99)
Lifetime			2639 (55.69)
Depression (PQH ≥ 12)			2488 (52.57)
Anxiety (GAD-7 ≥ 9)			2413 (50.99)

¹mean ± SD.

²Median (interquartile range).

IQR: Interquartile range; CASS: Child and Adolescent Social Support; PQH: Patient Health Questionnaire; GAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7.

Table 2 Multivariate logistic regression results for associated factors of different suicide ideation

Covariates	1-wk SI		1-yr SI		Lifetime SI
	Multivariate 1	Multivariate 2	Multivariate 1	Multivariate 2	Multivariate 1	Multivariate 2
Sex (Ref: Male): Female	1.49 (1.31-1.66)	1.36 (1.20-1.55)	2.08 (1.75-2.47)	1.41 (1.12-1.77)	1.70 (1.42-2.03)	1.41 (1.12-1.77)
Age: + 1 yr			1.01 (0.93-1.10)	0.87 (0.79-0.96)	0.95 (0.88-1.03)	0.87 (0.81-0.95)
Ethnicity (Ref: Han majority): Minorities			0.93 (0.76-1.10)	1.07 (0.92-1.24)
Grade (Ref: Primary school)
Junior high School			1.14 (0.75-1.72)	1.17 (0.87-1.57)	1.31 (0.99-1.73)	1.13 (0.84-1.52)
Senior high school			0.83 (0.50-1.38)	0.80 (0.49-1.29)	1.18 (0.79-1.75)	0.74 (0.44-1.25)
Residence (Ref: Urban): Rural	1.19 (1.03-1.37)	1.20 (0.99-1.44)	0.90 (0.73-1.11)	1.39 (1.10-1.76)
Boarding students (Ref: No): Yes			0.70 (0.56-0.88)	0.72 (0.55-0.92)
Single child (Ref: No): Yes			1.03 (0.92-1.16)	0.69 (0.54-0.88)
Childhood abuse (Ref: No)
PA: Yes	1.39 (1.17-1.65)		1.09 (0.86-1.38)		1.32 (1.04-1.68)
EA: Yes	1.99 (1.77-2.26)		2.79 (2.19-3.56)		2.08 (1.66-2.60)
SA: Yes	1.50 (1.20-1.87)		1.07 (0.79-1.43)		1.16 (0.85-1.59)
PN: Yes	1.54 (1.33-1.77)		1.30 (1.06-1.59)		1.25 (1.07-1.47)
EN: Yes	2.28 (1.94-2.67)		1.63 (1.36-1.97)		1.47 (1.29-1.68)
Perceived social support (CASS)
Parent support (Ref: < 37): ≥ 37		0.66 (0.55-0.83)		0.63 (0.52-0.77)		0.63 (0.52-0.77)
Teacher support (Ref : < 42): ≥ 42		0.94 (0.77-1.12)		0.97 (0.82-1.14)		0.97 (0.83-1.14)
Classmate support (Ref : < 37): ≥ 37		0.88 (0.77-1.00)		0.91 (0.73-1.14)		0.90 (0.72-1.13)
Close friend support (Ref : < 39): ≥ 39		0.80 (0.69-0.93)		0.80 (0.64-1.00)		0.80 (0.64-1.00)
Depression (Ref PQH < 12): Yes	1.15 (0.90-1.48)	1.35 (1.06-1.72)	2.94 (2.15-4.03)	1.88 (1.32-2.68)	2.12 (1.65-2.73)	1.86 (1.31-2.64)
Anxiety (Ref: GAD-7 < 9): Yes	1.75 (1.46-2.08)	2.06 (1.72-2.48)	1.85 (1.35-2.54)	1.98 (1.62-2.43)	2.23 (1.84-2.69)	1.99 (1.61-2.46)

CASS: Child and Adolescent Social Support; EA: Emotional abuse; EN: Emotional neglect; GAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7; PA: Physical abuse; PN: Physical neglect; PQH: Patient Health Questionnaire; SA: Sexual abuse; SI: Suicide ideation.