Role of perceived family support in psychological distress for pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of responded women

Characteristics	n (%)	Psychological distress	No psychological distress	F/χ2	P value
Age (mean ± SD, yr)	30.25 ± 3.99	30.05 ± 3.99	30.42 ± 3.98	2.16	0.031
Region, n (%)1				89.71	< 0.001
Wuhan	777 (34.8)	382 (49.2)	395 (50.8)
Peking	897 (40.2)	306 (34.1)	591 (65.9)
Lanzhou	558 (25.0)	327 (58.6)	231 (41.4)
Marital status, n (%)				3.70	0.069
married	2179 (97.6)	984 (45.2)	1195 (54.8)
Single, separated, divorced or widowed	53 (2.4)	31 (58.5)	22 (41.5)
Educational level, n (%)				13.67	0.001
< 14 yr	1016 (45.6)	504 (49.6)	512 (50.4)
≥ 14 yr	1216 (43.7)	511 (42.1)	705 (57.9)
Annual household income (CNY), n (%)				10.23	0.017
< 80000	706 (31.6)	350 (49.6)	356 (50.4)
80000	1255 (56.2)	552 (43.9)	703 (56.1)
≥ 300000	273 (12.2)	113 (41.4)	160 (58.6)
Income loss caused by COVID-19(CNY), n (%)				13.83	0.003
< 20000	862 (38.7)	331 (38.8)	522 (61.2)
≥ 20000	1362 (61.3)	673 (50.7)	692 (49.3)
Employment status, n (%)				0.01	0.999
Employed	1496 (67.1)	681 (45.5)	815 (54.5)
Housewife	736 (32.9)	334 (45.4)	402 (54.6)
Perceived family support level, n (%)				13.57	0.001
Less2	134 (6.0)	71 (53.0)	63 (47.0)
Some	466 (20.9)	246 (52.8)	220 (47.2)
Strong	1632 (73.1)	706 (43.3)	926 (56.7)

¹Confirmed COVID-19 cases in participating city: Wuhan: > 50000 cases; Beijing: 581 cases; Lanzhou: 24 cases.

²Participants rated on “none” and “rarely” scale.

Table 2 Self-reported psychological distresses of pregnant women with different perceived family support level, n (%)

	Total	Less PFS	Some PFS	Strong PFS	F/χ2	P value
Depression	795 (35.6)	56 (41.8)	207 (44.4)	532 (32.6)	24.15	< 0.001
Anxiety	491 (22.0)	42 (31.1)	128 (27.5)	321 (19.6)	19.79	< 0.001
Insomnia	77 (3.4)	11 (8.2)	15 (3.2)	51 (3.1)	9.72	0.008
Somatization	180 (8.1)	18 (13.3)	41(8.8)	121(7.4)	6.34	0.042
PTSD	52 (2.3)	12 (8.9)	14 (3.0)	26 (1.6)	30.41	< 0.001

PFS: Progress-free survival; PTSD: Posttraumatic stress disorder.

Table 3 Association between perceived family support [n (%)] and self-reported maternal psychological distresses

	Depression	Anxiety	Insomnia	Somatization	PTSD
Spearman correlation coefficient, r
	-0.118b	-0.111b	-0.025	-0.038	-0.155b
Multiple linear regression, β
	-0.973b	-0.638b	-0.195	-0.418	-2.238b
Logistic regression analysis, OR (95%CI)
Strong support	1	1	1	1	1
Some support	1.56 (1.26-1.94)b	1.69 (1.24-2.04)b	1.13 (0.62-2.04)	1.02 (0.65-1.45)	1.91 (0.96-3.79)
Less support	1.33 (0.90-1.92)	1.98 (1.32-2.96)b	3.47 (1.68-7.16)b	1.41 (0.80-2.48)	6.69 (3.07-14.55)b

OR and 95%CI were estimated using binary logistic regression and adjusted for age, marital status, region place of residence, educational level, annual household income, income loss caused by COVID-19.

^bP < 0.01.

PTSD: Posttraumatic stress disorder.