Effects of smartphone-based interventions and monitoring on bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 1 Characteristics of included studies

Ref.	Sample type	n	Age (yr)	Female	Study design	Design	Measure	Smartphone intervention details
Depp et al[17]	Outpatient diagnosed with BD	41, 41	47.5	58.50%	RCT	10 wk of PRISM (self-management and monitoring app) vs paper and pencil monitoring	YMRS, MADRS	Mood monitoring and self-management APP
Faurholt-Jepsen et al[18]	BD patients previously treated for affective disorder	85, 44	43.1	88.40%	RCT	9 mo of MONARCA II (monitoring app) vs controlled conditions	YMRS, HDRS	Self-monitoring APP
Ben-Zeev, et al[15]	People with mental illness	75, 74	49	41%	RCT	3 mo of FOCUS (self-management app) vs clinical treat	PSYRATS, BDI-II	App and phone call from specialist to facilitate APP use
Faurholt-Jepsen et al[19]	Outpatients diagnosed with BD	33, 34	29.3	67.10%	RCT	6 mo of MONARCA (self-monitoring app) vs Controlled conditions	YMRS, HAMD-17	Self-monitoring APP
Gliddon et al[22]	Participants with bipolar disorder	96, 95, 87	39.5	82%	RCT	9 mo of Mood Swings 2.0 vs control conditions	YMRS, MADRS	Mood Swing is a web site
Celano, et al[16]	BD patients with an acute depressive episode	14, 11	45	68%	RCT	4 wk of telephone-based positive psychology vs the control group	None, QIDS-SR	Phone call from specialist to instruct the self-management
Kilbourne, et al[21]	People with unipolar and bipolar disorder	115, 123	41.3	66%	RCT	12 mo of CCM (psychosocial intervention) vs usual care from provider	None, PHQ-9	Phone call from care manager to facilitate the psychosocial intervention
Depp et al[23]	Outpatients with bipolar disorder	10	41	/	Single-group trials	2 wk of PRISM (monitoring and self-management app)	YMRS, MADRS	Mood monitoring and self-management APP
Beiwinkel, et al[14]	Outpatients with bipolar disorder	14	47.2	38%	Single-group trials	12 mo of a smartphone-based monitoring system	YMRS, HAMD	Monitoring APP
Miklowitz et al[20]	Patients with bipolar disorder	19	37.2	68.40%	Single-group trials	4 mo of FIMM (psychoeducation and monitoring)	YMRS, QIDS-SR	Monitoring and self-management APP

BD: Bipolar disorder; RCT: Randomized clinical trial; ASRM: Altman self-rating mania; APP: Application; BDI: Beck depression inventory; BHS: Beck hopelessness scale; HAMD-17: 17-item hamilton depression rating scale; HRSD: Hamilton rating scale for depression; MADRS: Montgomery–Asberg depression rating scale; PHQ-9: Nine-item patient health questionnaire; PSYRATS: Psychotic symptom rating scales; QIDS-SR: Quick inventory of depressive symptoms–self report; YMRS: Young mania rating scale.