Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Psychiatry. Aug 19, 2025; 15(8): 107404
Published online Aug 19, 2025. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v15.i8.107404
Figure 1
Figure 1 Sources of cell free DNA. A: Apoptosis; B: Necrosis; C: NETosis; D: Active release.
Figure 2
Figure 2 The sources and application of extracellular vesicles in health and disease. Neurons and immune cells can produce extracellular vesicles (EVs) through mechanisms such as cellular apoptosis, necrosis, NETosis, and active release. The EVs generated by neurons have the capability to traverse the blood-brain barrier and enter the peripheral environment to exert their physiological effects. Furthermore, immune cells and T cells in the peripheral environment also produce EVs, which can enter the brain.