Review
Copyright ©2012 Baishideng Publishing Group Co.
World J Clin Infect Dis. Jun 25, 2012; 2(3): 39-53
Published online Jun 25, 2012. doi: 10.5495/wjcid.v2.i3.39
Table 1 Molecular mimicry after Trypanosoma cruzi infection
Host componentT. cruzi antigenHostMolecular definition
Neurons, liver, Kidney, testis?M, RMab
NeuronsSulphated glycolipidsH, RMab, sera
47 kDa neuron proteinFL 160H, RrDNA, AS
Heart and skeletal muscleMicrosomal fractionH, MMab, Serum IgG
Smooth and striated muscle150 kDa proteinH, MSerum IgG
Human cardiac Myosin heavy chainB13 proteinHrDNA, Ab T cell clones
Human cardiac myosin heavy chainCruzipainMAb
95 KDa myosin tailT. cruzi cytoskeletonMMab
Skeletal muscle Ca++ dependent SRASRAH, RbAS, serum IgG
GlycosphingolipidsGlycosphingolipidsH, MSerum IgG
MAP (brain)MAPH, MrDNA, AS
Myelin basic proteinT. cruzi soluble extractMSerum IgG, T cells
28 kDa lymphocyte membrane protein55 kDa membrane proteinH, MMab
23 kDa ribosomal protein23 kDa ribosomal proteinHAb
Ribosomal P proteinRibosomal P proteinHrDNA, Ab, SP
38-kDa heart antigenR13 peptide from ribosomal protein P1, P2MIgG1, IgG2
β1 adrenoreceptor M2 muscarinic receptorRibosomal P0 and P2 proteinsHAb, SP
β1-adrenoreceptor M2 cholinergic receptor150 kDa proteinH, MMab
Cardiac muscarinic Acetylcholine receptors (mAChR)?HAb
Cardiac muscarinic Acetylcholine receptors (mAChR)CruzipainMImmunization with cruzipain
Cha antigenSAPA, 36KDa TENU2845MAb, T cells
Table 2 Cytokine and chemokine expression in Chagas disease and animal models
Cytokines/chemokinesPhase (acute/chronic/IND/severe/moderate CCC)Host (mouse/human)Organ/cell typeReference
IFN-γSevere CCCHumanMononuclear cells[54,56]
IFN-γSevere CCCHumanMyocardium[60,61]
IFN-γSevere CCCHumanHeart-infiltrating T cells[54]
IFN-γIND, Severe CCCHumanPlasma[52,54,55]
TNF-αSevere CCCHumanMononuclear cells[54, 56]
TNF-αSevere CCCHumanHeart-infiltrating T cells[54]
TNF-αSevere CCCHumanMyocardium[60, 61]
TNF-αIND and Severe CCCHumanPlasma[52,54,55]
IFN-γAcute/chronicMouseHeart[121-123]
TNF-αAcute/chronicMouseHeart[124]
IL-6Severe CCCHumanHEART-infiltrating T cells[54,60,61]
IL-2Severe CCCHumanHeart-infiltrating T cells[54,60,61]
IL-4Severe CCCHumanHeart-infiltrating T cells[54,60,61]
IL-10Severe CCCHumanHeart-infiltrating T cells[54,60,61]
IL-7Severe CCCHumanMyocardium[62]
IL-15Severe CCCHumanMyocardium[62]
IL-12AcuteMouseMononuclear cells[125]
IL-18AcuteMouseMononuclear cells[126]
IL-10AcuteMouseMononuclear cells[44-46]
TGF-βAcuteMouseMononuclear cells[44-46]
IL-17ChronicMouseMononuclear cells[47]
CCL2, CXCL10, CXCL9 (mRNA)Severe CCCHumanMyocardium[59]
CCR2, CXCR3 (mRNA)Severe CCCHumanMyocardium[59]
CCR5, CXCR3Severe CCC, INDHumanMononuclear cells[63]
CCL5, CXCL9, CXCL10ChronicMouseCardiomyocytes[127]
CCR5ChronicMouseHeart[40,128]
CCL5, CCL4, CXCR3 (mRNA)ChronicDogHeart[41]
Table 3 Case control studies done on the TNFA-308 polymorphism
Study nameCases No. of chr carrying the TNFA-308T2 alleleCases Total No. of chromosomeControls No. of chr carrying the TNFA-308T2 alleleControls Total No. of chromosome
Rodriguez-Perez et al[96]1310814324
Drigo et al[98]3733216160
Beraun et al[99]5664104