Effect of propolis and honey in hyperglycemia-induced kidney and liver injuries, proteinuria, and oxidant and antioxidant parameters

doi:10.5493/wjem.v15.i3.99330

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World Journal of Experimental Medicine

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World J Exp Med. Sep 20, 2025; 15(3): 99330
Published online Sep 20, 2025. doi: 10.5493/wjem.v15.i3.99330

Table 1 Nutritional parameters and antioxidant activity of propolis and honey, mean ± SD

Samples	Carbohydrates (mg Glceq/g)	Soluble proteins (mg BSA/g)	Total proteins (%)	TPC (mg GAE/g)	TFC (mg QE/g)	TAA (mg AAE/g)	DPPH IC₅₀ (mg/mL)
Propolis	1.57 ± 0.02	22.18 ± 2.11	2.32 ± 0.02	65.22 ± 3.73	25.98 ± 5.81	79.12 ± 7.04	0.34 ± 0.03
Honey	698.19 ± 5.22¹	3.42 ± 0.01¹	0.36 ± 0.01¹	28.54 ± 1.04¹	16.35 ± 1.19¹	68.72 ± 6.51	1.11 ± 0.01
P value	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.048	0.112	0.001

¹Significant compared to propolis.

TPC: Total phenolic content; TFC: Total flavonoid content; TAA: Total antioxidant activity; DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate; GAE: Gallic acid equivalent; QE: Quercetin equivalent; AAE: Ascorbic acid equivalent.

Table 2 Phenolic compounds identiﬁcation and quantiﬁcation of propolis and honey using ultra performance liquid chromatographic-diode array detector, mean ± SD

Compounds (mg/kg)	Propolis	Honey (P value)
Catechin	8.15 ± 0.1	9.3 ± 2.0 (0.376)
Vanilic acid	15.04 ± 0.7	5.8 ± 0.2¹ (0.001)
o-Coumaric acid	Not detected	13.4 ± 0.7
Ferrulic acid	56.78 ± 0.6	17.1 ± 1.0¹ (0.001)
Ellagic acid	78.92 ± 3.8	27.6 ± 0.3¹ (0.001)
Naringin	213.76 ± 0.5	11.8 ± 0.2¹ (0.001)
Hesperidin	121.98 ± 0.3	Not detected
Apigenin	50.37 ± 0.8	24.8 ± 0.2¹ (0.001)
Cinnamic acid	42.87 ± 0.4	4.7 ± 0.3¹ (0.001)
Resveratrol	81.22 ± 0.2	17.6 ± 3.7¹ (0.001)
Rosmarinic acid	105.09 ± 5.2	38.4 ± 4.1¹ (0.001)
Rutin	60.11 ± 2.1	Not detected
Chlorogenic acid	11.19 ± 0.1	Not detected
Quercetin	22.51 ± 1.3	Not detected
Kaempferol	89.64 ± 1.2	14.9 ± 2.8¹ (0.001)
Gallic acid	Not detected	18.8 ± 0.5

¹Significant compared to propolis.

Table 3 Alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities of propolis and honey samples, mean ± SD

Variables	Alpha-amylase	Alpha-glucosidase	P value
Honey	1394 ± 23.47	1083 ± 31.14¹	< 0.001
Propolis	233 ± 8.97²	561 ± 27.13¹^,²	< 0.001
Acarbose	35.69 ± 1.29²^,³	11003 ± 6.17¹^,²^,³	< 0.001
P value	< 0.001	< 0.001

¹Significant compared to alpha-amylase activity.

²Significant compared to honey.

³Significant compared to propolis.

Table 4 Effect of interventions on blood glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance, homeostasis model assessment-beta-cell function, and quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index, mean ± SD

Parameters	Interventions					F/P value
Parameters	C	D	D + P	D + H	D + P + H	F/P value
Glucose (mmol/L)	5.33 ± 0.40	9.92 ± 0.52¹	7.19 ± 0.16¹^,²	7.58 ± 0.28¹^,²	6.89 ± 0.55¹^,²	82/0.001
Insulin (U/L)	11.71 ± 0.60	25.22 ± 0.86¹	16.19 ± 0.27¹^,²	21.42 ± 1.4¹^,²^,³	14.01 ± 0.62¹^,²^,³^,⁴	216.6/0.001
HOMA-IR	2.78 ± 0.33	11.13 ± 0.86¹	5.17 ± 0.20¹^,²	7.23 ± 0.75¹^,²^,³	4.29 ± 0.36¹^,²^,⁴	165/0.001
HOMA-B	40.55 ± 2.31	47.41 ± 2.33¹	41.51 ± 0.53²	52.96 ± 2.27¹^,³	37.35 ± 3.86²^,⁴	33.1/0.001
QUICKI	0.16 ± 0.001	0.15 ± 0.007¹	0.15 ± 0.004¹	0.15 ± 0.001¹	0.15± 0.004¹	6/0.002

¹Compared to Control.

²Compared to D-glucose.

³Compared to D-glucose + Propolis.

⁴Compared to D-glucose + Honey.

H: Honey; P: Propolis; C: Control; D; D-glucose; HOMA-IR: Homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; HOMA-B: Homeostasis model assessment-beta-cell function; QUICKI: Quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index.

Table 5 Effect of interventions on liver function tests and lipid profile, mean ± SD

Parameters	Interventions					F/P value
Parameters	C	D	D + P	D + H	D + P + H	F/P value
TC	46.71 ± 2.72	64.75 ± 2.30¹	55.93 ± 2.33¹^,²	57.36 ± 3.13	54.5 ± 8.68	11/0.001
LDL	40.19 ± 3.50	48.69 ± 2.6¹	44.62± 2.20	45.51 ± 4.27	40.32 ± 4.45	5.4/0.003
HDL	19.73 ± 0.61	13.42 ± 1.36¹	16.3 ± 1.93	17 ± 2.19	16.68 ± 1.83	9/0.001
TG	27.68 ± 1.72	43.31 ± 2.82¹	36.71 ± 3.65¹	36.77 ± 4.28	36.52 ± 3.53	13.7/0.001
ALT	68.13 ± 2.21	94 ± 3.54¹	80.2 ± 2.95¹^,²	82.88 ± 2.58¹	76.5 ± 2.23²	60.38/0.001
AST	144.4 ± 6.35	198 ± 5.2¹	170 ± 7.9b	175 ± 11.4¹	160.9 ± 10.3²	28.31/0.001
ALP	52.8 ± 4.66	94.33 ± 13.3¹	76.9 ± 4.47¹	79.2 ± 8.33¹	75.6 ± 6.3¹	17.85/0.001
LDH	59.9 ± 4.2	99.2 ± 10.35¹	72.27 ± 8.2¹^,²	73 ± 4.32	72 ± 4.9	22.18/0.001
TB	0.75 ± 0.04	1.32 ± 0.07¹	1.03 ± 0.04¹^,²	0.92 ± 0.03¹^,²	0.81 ± 0.07²	91.06/0.001
Albumin	4.39 ± 0.27	2.69 ± 0.10¹	3.64 ± 0.17	3.61 ± 0.27	3.76 ± 0.35	30/0.001

¹Compared to Control.

²Compared to D-glucose.

H: Honey; P: Propolis; C: Control; D; D-glucose; TC: Total cholesterol; LDL: Low density lipoprotein; HDL: High density lipoprotein; TG: Triglycerides; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; TB: Tuberculosis.

Table 6 Effect of interventions on kidney function tests, mean ± SD

Parameters	Interventions					F/P value
Parameters	N	D	D + P	D + H	D + P + H	F/P value
Urea (mg/dL)	32.9 ± 4.87	74.5 ± 5.99¹	52.9 ± 10.9¹	52.8 ± 5.1¹^,²	47.4 ± 2.9²	25.3/0.001
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.64 ± 0.03	1.23 ± 0.03¹	0.92 ± 0.02¹^,²	0.97 ± 0.11¹^,²	0.81 ± 0.04¹^,²^,³	74.2/0.001
Uric acid (mg/dL)	1.8 ± 0.07	2.55 ± 0.28¹	2.0 ± 0.14²	2.11 ± 0.08	2.07 ± 0.06²	16.7/0.001
Urine creatinine(mg/mL)	53.4 ± 4.7	34.5 ± 4.4¹	47.5 ± 4.5²	42.73 ± 8.2	47.8 ± 2.85²	8.84/0.001
Urine uric acid (mg/mL)	8.53 ± 0.34	12.34 ± 0.53¹	9.83 ± 0.43²	10.23 ± 0.60	9.99 ± 0.57²	63.99/0.001
Urine protein (mg/mL)	27.3 ± 2.16	36.53 ± 1.9¹	29.9 ± 2.4²	32.27 ± 0.8²	30.3 ± 2.0²	15.94/0.001

¹Compared to Control.

²Compared to D-glucose.

³Compared to D-glucose + Propolis.

H: Honey; P: Propolis; C: Control; D; D-glucose.

Table 7 Effects of the interventions on blood and urine electrolytes, mean ± SD

	Electrolytes (mmol/L)
	Sodium	Potassium	Chloride	Phosphorous	Calcium
Serum level
C	145.85 ± 7.35	4.45 ± 0.05	105.00 ± 8.42	2.17 ± 0.01	2.82 ± 0.04
D	130.50 ± 5.12¹	4.17 ± 0.09¹	107.12 ± 5.64	2.01 ± 0.03¹	2.75 ± 0.08
D + P	137.64 ± 5.23	4.48 ± 0.03²	104.50 ± 5.24	2.09 ± 0.01	2.81 ± 0.01
D + H	147.28 ± 6.38³	4.43 ± 0.03²	113.00 ± 7.212	2.15 ± 0.05²	2.85 ± 0.01
D + P + H	141.12 ± 4.61	4.56 ± 0.07²^,⁴	108.76 ± 6.34	2.13 ± 0.02²	2.82 ± 0.06
F/P value	6.99/0.001	30/0.001	1.46/0.25	25/0.001	2.81/0.052
Urinary level
C	90.41 ± 4.37	60.84 ± 3.66	82.16 ± 3.85	1.28 ± 0.03	2.63 ± 0.05
D	110.58 ± 1.23¹	60.91 ± 5.18	82.10 ± 7.25	1.26 ± 0.07	2.70 ± 0.11
D + P	88.34 ± 6.41²	60.85 ± 4.54	80.14 ± 5.68	1.28 ± 0.02	2.67 ± 0.08
D + H	101.62 ± 7.73	60.82 ± 2.97	86.92 ± 5.11	1.27 ± 0.02	2.69 ± 0.06
D + P + H	97.13 ± 6.58	60.88 ± 3.82	83.17 ± 4.94	1.30 ± 0.05	2.61 ± 0.03
F/P value	12.1/0.001	0.06/0.992	1.122/0.374	0.60/0.664	1.47/0.248

¹Compared to Control.

²Compared to D-glucose.

³Compared to D-glucose + Propolis.

⁴Compared to D-glucose + Honey.

H: Honey; P: Propolis; C: Control; D; D-glucose.

Table 8 Effect of interventions on D-glucose-induced changes in antioxidant enzymes, proteins, and malondialdehyde concentrations in pancreatic tissues, mean ± SD

Parameters/pancreatic tissue	Interventions					F/P value
Parameters/pancreatic tissue	C	D	D + P	D + H	D + P + H	F/P value
GSH (μg/g tissue)	33.1 ± 4.07	11.85 ± 0.28¹	29.48 ± 6.5²	23.0 ± 6.5²	28 ± 2.94²	15.2/0.001
GPx (nmol GSH/min/mg prt)	12.66 ± 3	4.45 ± 0.35¹	7.47 ± 1.17²	7.97 ± 2.1	8.37 ± 1.06²	13.76/0.001
MDA (nmol/g tissue)	28.84 ± 8.15	58.26 ± 8.97¹	37.7 ± 4.87	31.73 ± 4.47²	33.17 ± 6.6²	12.11/0.001
CAT (µmol H₂O₂/min/mg prt)	20.54 ± 3	11.25 ± 1.47¹	17.6 ± 1.66²	16.5 ± 0.43²	18.49 ± 1.5²	20.6/0.001
Protein (mg/g tissue)	7 ± 0.35	5.48 ± 0.03¹	5.75 ± 0.31¹	5.27 ± 0.1¹	6.5 ± 0.16²^,³^,⁴	53.6/0.001

¹Compared to Control.

²Compared to D-glucose.

³Compared to D-glucose + Propolis.

⁴Compared to D-glucose + Honey.

H: Honey; P: Propolis; C: Control; D; D-glucose; GSH: Glutathione; GPx: Glutathione peroxidase; MDA: Malondialdehyde; CAT: Catalase.

Table 9 Effect of interventions on D-glucose-induced changes in antioxidant enzymes, proteins, and malondialdehyde concentrations in liver tissues, mean ± SD

Parameters/liver tissue	Interventions					F/P value
Parameters/liver tissue	C	D	D + P	D + H	D + P + H	F/P value
GSH (μg/g tissue)	16.0 ± 1.15	12.36 ± 2.98	15.2 ± 2.29	15.48 ± 1.56	15.66 ± 2.07	2.56/0.65
GPx (nmol GSH/min/mg prt)	10.38 ± 0.75	5.56 ± 0.27¹	8.18 ± 0.2²	9.81 ± 1.2²	11.96 ± 2.33²	7.18/0.001
MDA (nmol/g tissue)	40.58 ± 11.2	70.2 ± 12¹	49.87 ± 12.6	46.87 ± 5²	47.6 ± 6.11	6.56/0.001
CAT (µmol H₂O₂/min/mg prt)	27.28 ± 5.2	14.6 ± 2.1¹	20.85 ± 3.3	30.3 ± 6.32	23.9 ± 2.22²	11.49/0.001
Protein (mg/g tissue)	6.4 ± 0.15	4.44 ± 0.21¹	5.1 ± 0.17¹^,²	5.33 ± 0.17¹^,²	5.2 ± 0.5¹^,²	34/0.001

¹Compared to Control.

²Compared to D-glucose.

H: Honey; P: Propolis; C: Control; D; D-glucose; GSH: Glutathione; GPx: Glutathione peroxidase; MDA: Malondialdehyde; CAT: Catalase.

Table 10 Effect of interventions on D-glucose induced changes in antioxidant enzymes, proteins, and malondialdehyde concentrations in kidney tissues

Parameters/kidney tissue	Interventions					F/P value
Parameters/kidney tissue	C	D	D + P	D + H	D + P + H	F/P value
GSH (μg/g tissue)	21 ± 1.55	9.6 ± 2.4¹	16.6 ± 0.14¹^,²	16.1 ± 2.56	16.9 ± 1.42²	25.5/0.001
GPx (nmol GSH/min/mg prt)	14.4 ± 1.9	8 ± 1.4²	12.8 ± 2.22	11.12 ± 1.02	12.8 ± 1.4²	11.03/0.001
MDA (nmol/g tissue)	31.7 ± 3.7	47.3 ± 3.3¹	43.3 ± 4.0¹	35.3 ± 7.1	37.5 ± 4.2	9.5/0.001
CAT (µmol H₂O₂/min/mg prt)	19.4 ± 1.3	12.9 ± 0.78¹	16.6 ± 1.86²	15.4 ± 0.7¹	16.28 ± 2.4¹^,²	10.6/0.001
Protein (mg/g tissue)	5.1 ± 0.54	3.4 ± 0.19¹	4.1 ± 0.7	4.56 ± 0.29²	4.33 ± 0.41	8.34/0.001

¹Compared to Control.

²Compared to D-glucose.

Table 11 Level of oxidant and anti0xidants in the liver, pancreas, and kidney tissues in the control group

Parameters	Organs			F/P value
Parameters	Liver	Pancreas	Kidney	F/P value
GSH (μg/g tissue)	16.86 ± 1.15	33.1 ± 4.07¹	21 ± 1.55 (2)	58.8/0.001
GPx (nmol GSH/min/mg prt)	10.38 ± 0.75	12.66 ± 3.2	14.4 ± 1.9	4.58/0.333
MDA (nmol/g tissue)	40.58 ± 11	28.84 ± 8.15	31.7 ± 4	2.45/0.127
CAT (µmol H₂O₂/min/mg prt)	27.28 ± 5.2	20.54 ± 3	19.4 ± 1.3¹	7.5/0.007
Protein (mg/g tissue)	6.4 ± 0.15	7 ± 0.35	5 ± 0.54¹^,²	40/0.001

¹Compared to Control.

²Compared to D-glucose.

H: Honey, P: Propolis, C: Control, D; D-glucose; GSH: Glutathione; GPx: Glutathione peroxidase; MDA: Malondialdehyde; CAT: Catalase.

Citation: Touzani S, Al-Waili N, Laaroussi H, Aboulghazi A, Hamas N, Imtara H, El Ghouizi A, ElArabi I, Al-Waili A, Lyoussi B. Effect of propolis and honey in hyperglycemia-induced kidney and liver injuries, proteinuria, and oxidant and antioxidant parameters. World J Exp Med 2025; 15(3): 99330
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-315X/full/v15/i3/99330.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5493/wjem.v15.i3.99330