Immunopathogenesis of reactive arthritis: Role of the cytokines

Table 1 Animal models of reactive arthritis similar to the human form of the disease

Animal	Bacteria	Route of infection	Arthritis onset/remission	Clinical symptoms	Cytokineinvolved	Ref.
Lewis rats	Y. enterocolitica O:81	iv1	1 wk/6 wk	Polyarticular arthritis, erythema	ND	Hill et al[10]
DBA/2 and BDF1 mice	Y. enterocolitica O:8 plasmid cured1	iv1	Day 31/3 wk	Polyarticular arthritis	ND	Yong et al[11]
SHR rats	Y. enterocolitica O:81	iv1	1-4 wk/7-25 wk	Polyarticular arthritis, erythema, swelling and impaired movement of the joint	ND	Merilahti-Palo et al[12]
Swiss, BALB/c and C3H/HeJ mice	Y. enterocolitica O:3	iv1/Oral	1-3 wk/2-8 mo	Monoarticular arthritis, swelling redness, deformations and conjunctivitis	ND	de los Toyos et al[13]
C57BL/6 TNFRp55-/- mice	Y. enterocolitica O:3	ig	2 wk/chronic until 8 wk	Polyarticular arthritis, swelling, erythema	IL-17 IFN-γ	Di Genaro et al[14]
					IL-6 IL-1β	Eliçabe et al[15]
BALB/c mice	S. enteritides	ig	1 wk/ND	Synovial inflammation	TNF-α IL-17	Noto Llana et al[16]
						Noto Llana et al[17]

¹Different to the human form of the disease. ND: Not determined; iv: Intravenous infection; ig: Intragastric infection; IL: Interleukin; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.