Patel MA, Kim JE, Ruzevick J, Lim M. Present and future of immune checkpoint blockade: Monotherapy to adjuvant approaches. World J Immunol 2015; 5(1): 1-15 [DOI: 10.5411/wji.v5.i1.1]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Michael Lim, MD, Associate Professor of Neurosurgery and Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Phipps Building Rm 123, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States. mlim3@jhmi.edu
Research Domain of This Article
Immunology
Article-Type of This Article
Review
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
World J Immunol. Mar 27, 2015; 5(1): 1-15 Published online Mar 27, 2015. doi: 10.5411/wji.v5.i1.1
Present and future of immune checkpoint blockade: Monotherapy to adjuvant approaches
Mira A Patel, Jennifer E Kim, Jacob Ruzevick, Michael Lim
Mira A Patel, Jennifer E Kim, Jacob Ruzevick, Michael Lim, Department of Neurosurgery, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
Michael Lim, Department of Oncology, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
Author contributions: Patel MA and Kim JE contributed equally to this work; Ruzevick J and Lim M reviewed this work.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Correspondence to: Michael Lim, MD, Associate Professor of Neurosurgery and Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Phipps Building Rm 123, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States. mlim3@jhmi.edu
Telephone: +1-410-614627 Fax: +1-410-5024954
Received: June 30, 2014 Peer-review started: July 1, 2014 First decision: September 28, 2014 Revised: October 23, 2014 Accepted: November 17, 2014 Article in press: November 19, 2014 Published online: March 27, 2015
Core Tip
Core tip: Aggressive cancer growth is often characterized by tumor expression of molecules that co-opt effective immune responses through immune checkpoints. Clinical blockade of checkpoints programmed death-1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4 and has spurred the discovery of a number of immune checkpoints that may be inhibited in anticancer therapy. The clinical successes of checkpoint blockade have led to increasing interest in combining treatment modalities. Combination checkpoint blockade with chemoradiation has shown synergistic effects, and checkpoint blockade with bacterial vaccine vectors have produced increased immune responses in pre-clinical models. The future of immune checkpoint blockade may be as a powerful adjuvant alongside the current standard of care.
