Acute flaccid paralysis in a patient with sacral dimple

Abstract

Sacral dimples are the most common cutaneous anomaly detected during neonatal spinal examination. Congenital dermal sinus tract, a rare type of spinal dysraphism, occurs along the midline neuraxis from occiput down to the sacral region. It is often diagnosed in the presence of a sacral dimple together with skin signs, local infection, meningitis, abscess, or abnormal neurological examination. We report a case of acute flaccid paralysis with sensory level in a 4 mo old female infant with sacral dimple, diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging to be a paraspinal subdural abscess. Surgical exploration revealed a congenital dermal sinus tract extending from the subdural abscess down to the sacral dimple and open to the exterior with a minute opening.

Key Words: Paralysis, Paraplegia, Spinal dysraphism, Spinal cord compression, Spinal epidural abscess

Core tip: Acute flaccid paralysis with sensory level necessitates a detailed examination of the back and magnetic resonance imaging spine. Sacral dimple of more than 5 mm in diameter, lying 2.5 cm above the anus, covered by hair tufts or hemangioma, has a non visualized base, or associated with abnormal neurological examination should be further evaluated by radiology for a hidden sinus that could be a source of infection.

INTRODUCTION

Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) is a clinical syndrome characterized by rapid onset of weakness that involves the voluntary muscles and frequently includes respiratory and bulbar muscles[1]. It represents an initial manifestation of upper motor neuron lesions involving the central nervous system and spinal cord or a persistent manifestation of lower motor neuron lesions at the level of the anterior horn cell, roots and nerves, neuro-muscular junction, and muscles. Variable etiologies for acute flaccid paralysis in infants and children are listed in Table 1.

Table 1 Common causes of acute flaccid paralysis in infants and children.

Type of lesion	Common presenting features	Site of Lesion	Causes	Clues for diagnosis
UMNL	AFP and hypotonia are initial presentations for UMNL AFP occurs on the opposite side of the central nervous system lesion Spasticity develops later with hyper-reflexia and positive Babinski sign	Cerebral cortex	Intracranial hemorrhage	History of trauma
				Signs of increased intra-cranial tension
				Signs of lateralization
			Brain tumor	History of known brain tumor
				Signs of increased intra-cranial tension
			Seizure	Todd paralysis following seizure activity
			Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy	History of perinatal asphyxia
		Spinal cord	Spinal cord trauma	Trauma
				Sensory loss/level
				Early bowel/bladder
				involvement
				Spinal tenderness,
				painful spine
				movement
			Spinal cord tumor	Sensory loss/level
				Early bowel/bladder
				involvement
				Spinal tenderness,
				painful spine
				movement
			Paraspinal infection or inflammation	Fever
				Sensory loss/level
				Early bowel/bladder
				involvement
				Spinal tenderness,
				painful spine
				movement
			Transverse myelitis	Fever
				Sensory loss/level
				Early bowel/bladder
				involvement
				Neck stiffness
LMNL	AFP and hypotonia are persistent presentations for LMNL Muscle weakness Hypotonia Fasciculations Decreased spinal cord reflexes	Anterior horn cell disease	Poliomyelitis	Fever
				Preceding intramuscular injection
				Neck stiffness
			Non Poliomyelitis Eneroviruses	Fever
			Enterovirus type 71	Hand-foot-mouth disease with enterovirus type 71 and Coxsackie infections
			Coxsackie viruses	Myocarditis and/or hepatitis
			Echoviruses	Parotitis
			Mumps virus
		Peripheral Nerve	Guillain-Barré syndrome	Preceding infectious
				prodrome/vaccination
				Prominent autonomic
				signs/symptoms
				Ascending weakness
				Facial weakness
				Myalgia
				Neck stiffness
			Peripheral nerve toxins	Exposure
			Acute intermittent porphyria	Intermittent nature
				Abdominal pain
				Peripheral neuropathies
				Central nervous system signs (seizures, mental status changes, cortical blindness, and coma)
		Neuromuscular junction disorders	Botulism	Exposure
				Constipation
				Descending weakness
				Facial weakness
			Myasthenia gravis	Prominent and early
				ptosis
				Facial weakness
				Fluctuating symptoms,
				fatigability
			Organophosphate poisoning	Exposure
				Myosis
				muscle fasciculation
			Neurotoxic snake envenomation	Exposure
				Site of bite
		Muscle	Rhabdomyolysis	Muscle tenderness
			Myositis	Fever
				Muscle tenderness
			Familial periodic paralysis	Preserved muscle stretch reflexes
		Others	Electrolyte disturbance	Diarrhea
			Drug-related	Exposure

AFP: Acute flaccid paralysis; UMNL: Upper motor neuron lesions; LMNL: Lower motor neuron lesions.

The urgency to arrive at the diagnosis and the choice of the initial investigations require a thorough patient history and a detailed clinical examination to reach the probable neuro-anatomical level of the lesion and the accounting etiology. Accordingly, a step wise and judicious use of investigations helps to reach the diagnosis with the minimum use of resources. Suggested approaches for diagnosis of AFP in children recommend starting by identifying evidence of spinal cord lesion through the presence of sensory level on examination, which then necessitates magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation of the spine to differentiate between compressive and non-compressive myelopathies[1,2]. We report a case of acute flaccid paralysis with sensory level in a female infant with sacral dimple, diagnosed by MRI to be a compressive myelopathy secondary to paraspinal abscess.

CASE REPORT

A 4 mo old female infant presented with acute flaccid paralysis of both lower limbs following 15 d of high grade fever, rhinorhea, cough, and irritability. She received antibiotic for 10 d with no response. There was no associated weakness of the upper limbs, no respiratory distress, no constipation, but decreased urine output.

General examination revealed normal growth parameters and normal consciousness level. Examination of the back showed a sacral dimple of 7 mm in diameter, lying 4 cm above the anus, not covered by hair tufts or hemangioma and with an apparently intact base (Figure 1). Neurological examination was significant for atonia and areflexia of both lower limbs, loss of sensation below the umbilicus, absent abdominal and anal scratch reflexes together with urine retention. Tone, reflexes and sensation were intact in the upper half of the body.

Figure 1 Sacral dimple.

Her laboratory investigations were significant for leucocytosis with prominent neutrophilic count, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate and positive C-reactive protein. Magnetic resonance imaging of the spine revealed a subdural abscess extending from dorsal 4 to sacral 1 and syringohydromyelia at the same level (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Magnetic resonance imaging spine. An intra-spinal and extra-dural cystic lesion of low signal intensity non-contrast sagittal T1-weighted imaging (T1WI) (A), non-contrast axial T1WI (E). It shows an intense marginal enhancement post-contrast sagittal T1WI (B, red arrow) and post-contrast axial T1WI (F, red arrow). The lesion extends up to the cervical spine sagittal T2WI (C) and lateral to the left side of the spinal canal sagittal T2WI (D).

Surgical exploration, for evacuation of the subdural abscess, showed a congenital dermal sinus tract extending from the subdural abscess down to the sacral dimple and open to the exterior with a pin point hall. Surgical excision of the abscess and the sinus was done with culture of drained purulent fluid. This revealed a heavy growth of Candida infection. Following surgical excision and antifungal therapy, the patient regained full range of movements, tone and sensation in her lower limbs as well as normal voiding acts and no further urine retention.

DISCUSSION

Sacral dimples, also known as sacrococcygeal or coccygeal dimples or pits, are the most common cutaneous anomaly detected at neonatal spinal examination[3]. Sacral dimple may be associated with a congenital dermal sinus which is a tract lined by stratified squamous epithelium[4]. The most widely accepted theory regarding the embryogenesis of congenital dermal sinus tracts proposes that they arise through faulty disjunction of the neuroectoderm from the overlying cutaneous ectoderm between the third and eighth week of gestation[5,6]. They have been previously reported along the midline neuroaxis from the nasion and occipital area down to the lumbar and sacral regions[4], with the highest frequency (75%) in the lumbar and lumbosacral region[6]. The majority of these tracts terminate in a dermoid or epidermoid cyst, however some tracts incorporate a cutaneous ectoderm from the dorsal midline skin that extends for a variable distance into the underlying mesenchymal tissue and in many instances penetrates the dura to end within the thecal sac adjacent to or continuous with the neural tube[5].

Literature evidence for the association between sacral dimple and congenital dermal sinus is controversial. The association between sacral dimples and occult spinal dysraphism was failed to be proven in five different case series including over 1300 children[3,7-10]. However, Kriss et al[7] examined 207 neonates with 216 cutaneous stigmata; the most common of which was midline dimple and found that simple midline dimples indicate low risk for spinal dysraphism. They reported atypical dimples particularly those that are large (> 5 mm), high on the back (> 2.5 cm from the anus), or appear in combination with other lesions to be associated with a high risk for spinal dysraphism. Accordingly, authors recommended that dimples of large size, located at a higher spinal level, or associated with other cutaneous stigmata should be investigated.

A wide spectrum of clinical manifestations can occur, ranging from asymptomatic dermal sinus to serious complications. There is no apparent timeframe for an asymptomatic lesion to later become symptomatic. Symptomatic sinuses may present clinically with varying degrees of drainage from their cutaneous openings, recurrent bouts of septic or aseptic meningitis, or mass effect on the cerebrospinal fluid pathways secondary to subdural abscesses and consequent hydrocephalus[11]. The slow growth rate of these abscesses often masks their presentation for years, although there are some patients which present with acute neurological deterioration[4,12]. Our case represents an example of the acute neurological manifestations of sacral sinus tracts. Similar to our case, Kurisu et al[13] reported a case of repeated fever and rapidly progressive paraplegia in a one year old male infant with lumbo-sacral dimple proved by MRI to be an intraspinal and intramedullary abscess where surgical exploration revealed an underlying sinus tract.

Ultrasonography is the screening modality of choice for the infant with atypical sacral dimples. The presence of an intra-spinal mass, abnormal position or shape of the conus, or a thick filum necessitates MRI study[14]. Magnetic resonance imaging has become the reference study technique because of its ability to accurately depict the extent of the sinus tract and associated lesions[12]. Magnetic resonance imaging accurately differentiate between compressive and non compressive diseases of the spinal cord. Chen et al[15] investigated the MRI features of enterovirus 71 related acute flaccid paralysis in patients with hand-foot-mouth disease and found that MRI could efficiently show a characteristic pattern of affection to the anterior horn regions and ventral root of the cervical spinal cord and spinal cord below T9 level. Therapy is almost always surgical, aiming for obliteration of the tract with elimination of the communication between the skin and the neural structures. The earlier the lesion is detected and corrected, the less likely any long-term morbidity may develop.

In conclusion, acute flaccid paralysis with sensory level necessitates a detailed examination of the back and spinal MRI. Sacral dimple of more than 5 mm in diameter, lying 2.5 cm above the anus, covered by hair tufts or hemangioma, has a non visualized base, or associated with abnormal neurological examination should be further evaluated by radiology for a hidden sinus that could be a source of infection.