Review of the initial treatment and avoidance of scald injuries

Table 1 Injury parameters for skin tissue

Ref.	A (1/s)	Ea (J/kmol)
[14,23]	3.10e98	6.28e08
[25]	2.90e37	2.44e08
[26]	9.09e37	2.49e08
[27]	4.33e64, T < 50	24.19e8, T < 50
	9.39e104, T > 50	6.70e8, T > 50
[13,24]	3.10e98	6.28e08
[28]	2.19e124, T < 50	7.78e8, T < 50
	1.82e51, T > 50	3.25e8, T > 50
[29]	1.43e72	4.57e08
[29]	2.86e69	4.61e08
[29]	4.32e54, T < 50	4.16e8, T < 50
	9.39e104, T < 60	6.65e8, T < 60
[30]	3.1e98, T < 55	6.27e8, T < 55
	5e45, T > 55	2.96e8, T > 55
[31]	2.19e124, T < 50	7.82e8, T < 50
	1.82e51, T > 50	3.27e8, T > 50
[27]	4.33e64, T < 50	4.18e8, T < 50
	9.39e104, T > 50	6.69e8, T > 50

Table 2 Cooling of an 8 ounce (237 mL) heated beverage without a protective cap

Cooling time (min)	Service temperature, °C (℉)
	70 (158)	75 (167)	80 (176)	85 (185)	90 (194)	95 (203)
0	70	75	80	85	90	95
5	58.1	61.9	61.9	69.5	73.4	77.2
10	50.4	53.4	53.4	59.5	62.5	65.5
15	45.1	47.6	47.6	52.6	55.2	57.7
20	42.4	44.6	44.6	49.1	51.4	53.6
25	42.2	44.4	44.4	48.9	51.1	53.3

Table 3 Cooling of an 8 ounce (237 mL) heated beverage with a protective cap

Cooling time (min)	Service temperature, °C (℉)
	70 (158)	75 (167)	80 (176)	85 (185)	90 (194)	95 (203)
0	70	75	80	85	90	95
5	62.5	66.7	66.7	75.2	79.5	83.7
10	56.9	60.6	60.6	67.9	71.6	75.3
15	52.5	55.8	55.8	62.3	65.6	68.8
20	49.5	52.5	52.5	58.4	61.3	64.3
25	47.7	50.5	50.5	56.1	58.8	61.6

Table 4 Cooling of a 16 ounce (473 mL) heated beverage without a protective cap

Cooling time (min)	Service temperature, °C (℉)
	70 (158)	75 (167)	80 (176)	85 (185)	90 (194)	95 (203)
0	70	75	80	85	90	95
5	61.5	65.7	69.8	74	78.1	82.3
10	55.9	59.5	63.1	66.7	70.3	73.9
15	51.9	55.1	58.3	61.5	64.7	67.9
20	49.6	52.5	55.5	58.5	61.4	64.4
25	48.9	51.8	54.7	57.5	60.4	63.3

Table 5 Cooling of a 16 ounce (473 mL) heated beverage with a protective cap

Cooling time (min)	Service temperature, °C (℉)
	70 (158)	75 (167)	80 (176)	85 (185)	90 (194)	95 (203)
0	70	75	80	85	90	95
5	65	69.5	74	78.5	83	87.5
10	61.5	65.7	69.8	74	78.1	82.3
15	58.8	62.7	66.6	70.5	74.4	78.3
20	57	60.7	64.4	68.1	71.8	75.5
25	56	59.6	63.2	66.8	70.4	74

Table 6 Cooling times required for various service temperatures in order to cause threshold mid-dermal burns, 8-ounce (237 mL) cups with a protective cap

Service temperature		Cooling time for adult mid-dermal burns (min)	Cooling time for children mid-dermal burns (min)
(°C)	(℉)
95	203	8	12
90	194	5	9
85	185	2	6
80	176	Not applicable	3

Table 7 Cooling times required for various service temperatures in order to cause threshold mid-dermal burns, 8-ounce (237 mL) cups without a protective cap

Service temperature		Cooling time for adult mid-dermal burns (min)	Cooling time for children mid-dermal burns (min)
(°C)	(℉)
95	203	4	6
90	194	2	4
85	185	1	3
80	176	Not applicable	1

Table 8 Cooling times required for various service temperatures in order to cause threshold mid-dermal burns, 16-ounce (473 mL) cups with a protective cap

Service temperature		Cooling time for adult mid-dermal burns (min)	Cooling time for children mid-dermal burns (min)
(°C)	(℉)
95	203	11	18
90	194	7	12
85	185	2	8
80	176	Not applicable	3

Table 9 Cooling times required for various service temperatures in order to cause threshold mid-dermal burns, 16-ounce (473 mL) cups without a protective cap

Service temperature		Cooling time for adult mid-dermal burns (min)	Cooling time for children mid-dermal burns (min)
(°C)	(℉)
95	203	6	9
90	194	4	6
85	185	2	4
80	176	Not applicable	2