Dementia and osteoporosis in a geriatric population: Is there a common link?

Table 1 Studies investigating the association between vitamin D and cognition

Study design	Ref.	Population	Results
Cross-sectional study	[88]	80 community-dwelling women 40 with mild AD 40 cognitively-intact	Vitamin D deficiency was associated with impairment on two of four measures of cognitive performance
	[89]	32 community-dwelling patients	Significant positive correlation between vitamin D concentrations and MMSE scores
	[90]	9556 community-dwelling patients	Lower 25(OH)D levels were not associated with impaired performance on various psychometric measures
	[91]	225 older outpatients diagnosed as having probable AD	Significant positive association between MMSE test scores and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) levels
Case-control study	[92]	5596 community-dwelling women	Significant positive association between vitamin D intakes and cognitive performance
	[93]	69 community-dwelling patients	A significant negative correlation between dietary intake of vitamin D and poor performance on cognitive tests
	[94]	148 community-dwelling patients	No significant positive association between cognitive performance and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) levels
Longitudinal study	[95]	1138 community-dwelling men	Independent association between lower vitamin D levels and odds of cognitive decline
	[19]	175 community-dwelling patients	1.60-fold risk of losing at least 3 points on MMSE in 6 yr with low baseline vitamin D
Pre-post study	[96]	63 frail nursing home residents 25 in intervention group 38 in control group	No treatment-induced improvement in ambulation, cognition or behaviour was observed
	[21]	13 community-dwelling patients with mild to moderate AD	Significant improvement in ADAs-cog score
Randomised controlled trial	[21]	32 community-dwelling patients with mild to moderate AD 16 in intervention group 16 in control group	Neither cognition nor disability changed significantly after high-dose D

AD: Alzheimer’s disease.