Posterior ankle impingement syndrome: A systematic four-stage approach

Table 1 Posterior ankle impingement syndrome pathology

Osseus lesions	Soft tissue lesions
Stieda process	Flexor hallux longus tenosynovitis
Os trigonum	Synovitis
Osteophytes	Impingement of the joint capsule
Osteochondral lesion	Impingement of the anomalous muscles
Loose bodies
Chondromatosis
Subtalar coalition

Table 2 Reported clinical outcomes following hindfoot arthroscopy

Ref.	Year	No. of cases (n)	LoE	Follow-up (mo)	Primary outcome measure	Pre-operative score	Post-operative score	Return to sport (wk)
Jerosch et al[32]	2006	10	IV	28 (6-61)	AOFAS	43	87	12
Tey et al[33]	2007	15	IV	3 (15-63)	AOFAS	84.4	98.5	14.1
Horibe et al[34]	2008	11	IV	33.8 (12-58)	AOFAS	71	99	12
Scholten et al[28]	2008	55	IV	38 (24-54)	AOFAS	71.1	90	18.9
Willits et al[31]	2008	16	IV	3 (6-74)	AOFAS	N/A	91	63
Calder et al[35]	2010	27	IV	23 (15-49)	N/A	N/A	N/A	5.9
Noguchi et al[36]	2010	12	IV	9.7 (6-14)	AOFAS	68	98.3	5.9
Galla et al[37]	2011	30	IV	9.7 (6-14)	AOFAS	60	90	N/A
Ogut et al[38]	2011	14	IV	31.6 (8-75)	AOFAS	53.6	84.2	30.6
Nikisch et al[39]	2012	80	IV	15.4 (5-59)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
van Dijk et al[29]	2009	55	IV	90 (24-480)	AOFAS	75	90	N/A
Lopez-Valerio et al[40]	2015	20	IV	78.6 (24-120)	VAS	7.5	0.8	6.7
Dinato et al[41]	2015	17	III	N/A	AOFAS	62.9	92.3	15.6
		15				67.9	94	16.3

AOFAS: American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Score; VAS: Visual Analogue Scale; N/A: Not applicable.