Use of scoring systems for assessing and reporting the outcome results from shoulder surgery and arthroplasty

Table 1 Shoulder scoring systems used in 2012 and 2013

Shoulder scoring system	No. of times used	No. of times used	No. of times used in
	in articles in 2012	in articles in 2013	articles in 2012 and 2013
CS	47	44	91
American shoulder and elbow surgeons evaluation form	41	32	73
The disability of the arm, shoulder and hand score	22	13	35
SST	16	13	29
University of California/Los Angeles shoulder score	15	13	28
Western ontario osteoarthritis score	6	0	6
The OSS	4	6	10
SF-12 general health	3	7	10
Western ontario rotator cuff score	3	5	8
SF-36 general health	1	8	9
Penn shoulder score	1	2	3
Shoulder pain and disability index	1	4	5
Western ontario shoulder instability score	1	2	3
Rowe shoulder instability score	1	2	3
Single assessment numeric evaluation score	1	7	8
Kerlan-Jobe orthopaedic clinic overhead athlete score	1	2	3
Hospital for special surgery shoulder score	0	0	0
OSIS	0	2	2

CS: Constant score; SST: Simple shoulder test; OSS: Oxford shoulder score; SF-12: Short form-12; OSIS: Oxford instability score.

Table 2 Estimated normal constant scores for age and sex[15]

Age (yr)	Men	Women
50-59	95 ± 2	88 ± 2
60-69	92 ± 2	85 ± 2
70-79	89 ± 2	82 ± 2
80-89	86 ± 2	79 ± 2

Table 3 Constant and oxford shoulder scores for the vaios anatomic shoulder replacements

Outcome measure	No. of	Oxford score	Pain	ADL	ROM	Strength	Total CS	Constant score adjusted
	shoulders	(/48)	(/15)	(/20)	(/40)	(/25)	(/100)	for age and sex (%)
Pre-op mean (SD)	49	16.8 (7.8)	4.8 (3.2)	6.7 (3.7)	10.1 (5.1)	1.0 (2.2)	21.9 (9.7)	29.2 (12.4)
Post-op 1 yr mean (SD)	49	33.0 (12.8)	11.3 (4.1)	13.3 (4.7)	20.0 (11.3)	4.0 (4.8)	44.6 (17.6)	59.6 (24.0)
Post-op 2 yr Mean (SD)	30	36.5 (12.3)	12.0 (3.9)	14.0 (6.0)	20.5 (10.7)	6.7 (6.0)	47.2 (19.4)	62.1 (22.8)
Post-op 3 yr mean (SD)	8	38.4 (10.6)	10.8 (2.9)	11.8 (4.0)	16.4 (6.2)	6.4 (3.6)	45.4 (10.4)	63.6 (21.0)

ADL: Activities of daily living; CS: Constant score.

Table 4 Constant and oxford shoulder scores for the vaios inverse shoulder replacements

Outcome measure	No. of shoulders	Oxford score	Pain	ADL	ROM	Strength	Total CS	Constant score adjusted
		(/48)	(/15)	(/20)	(/40)	(/25)	(/100)	for age and sex (%)
Pre-op mean (SD)	63	18.9 (9.0)	6.6 (4.0)	8.0 (4.2)	11.2 (8.1)	0.8 (2.1)	25.9 (13.1)	37.0 (18.2)
Post-op 1 yr mean (SD)	63	35.4 (11.7)	12.3 (3.7)	13.5 (5.4)	22.8 (10.5)	4.7 (5.3)	49.4 (18.1)	69.0 (25.5)
Post-op 2 yr mean (SD)	28	34.4 (13.8)	12.4 (3.7)	13.7 (5.5)	23.9 (11.5)	5.6 (4.3)	49.8 (19.0)	69.7 (27.7)
Post-op 3 yr mean (SD)	6	33.0 (10.6)	11.8 (4.7)	16.3 (3.9)	24.0 (9.8)	7.8 (0.5)	59.8 (17.0)	81.6 (23.5)

ADL: Activities of daily living; CS: Constant score.

Table 5 Categories of outcome after shoulder arthroplasty using the constant score

Category	Total CS (/100)	Age and sex adjusted CS (%)
Average shoulder function before arthroplasty	< 30	< 40
Post-op unsatisfactory	< 30	< 40
Post-op fair outcome	30-39	40-49
Post-op good outcome	40-59	50-69
Post-op very good outcome	60-69	70-79
Post-op excellent outcome (i.e., a virtually normal shoulder)	≥ 70	≥ 80

CS: Constant score.

Table 6 Stratified outcome for the vaios primary total shoulder replacements using the adjusted constant score (adjusted for age and sex)

Post-op outcome	Adjusted CS (%)	No. of anatomic TSRs n = 46	% anatomic TSRs using adjusted CS	No. of inverse TSRs n = 58	% inverse TSRs using adjusted CS
Unsatisfactory outcome	< 40	10	22	9	16
Fair outcome	40-49	9	20	5	9
Good outcome	50-69	9	20	14	24
Very good outcome	70-79	3	7	5	9
Excellent outcome	≥ 80	15	33	25	43
Totals		46	100	58	100

CS: Constant score.