Artificial intelligence-based diagnosis of hallux valgus interphalangeus using anteroposterior foot radiographs

Table 1 Demographics

	Age (years)	Sex	Hallux interphalangeal angle
			All feet	Right feet	Left feet
Number of subjects	133	16 male (12%)/117 female (88%)	265	133	132
Range	23–81	N/A	-4.5° to 20.5°	-4.5° to 16°	-3.5° to 20.5°
Average	55.8	N/A	6.76°	6.56°	6.95°

N/A: Not applicable.

Table 2 Statistical results for interphalangeal angle measurements

Statistical measure	AI vs OB	AI vs OA2	OA2 vs OB
ICC-absolute agreement	0.88 (95%CI: 0.81-0.93)	0.92 (95%CI: 0.86-0.95)	0.95 (95%CI: 0.91-0.96)
Interpretation	Good reliability	Excellent reliability	Excellent reliability
ICC-consistency	N/A	N/A	0.95
Interpretation	N/A	N/A	Excellent reliability
Bland-Altman mean difference (bias)	2.54°	1.61°	0.93°
SD of differences	3.06°	3.35°	2.26°
Limits of agreement	-3.46° to 8.53°	-4.97° to 8.18°	-3.51° to 5.37°
Interpretation	Minimal systematic bias	Minimal systematic bias	Minimal systematic bias
Standard error of measurement	2.09°	1.77°	1.22°
Mean absolute error	3.23°	2.79°	1.89°
Interpretation	Low average difference, high precision	Low average difference, high precision	Low average difference, high precision
Pearson correlation coefficient (r)	0.90	0.85	0.90
P value	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Interpretation	Very strong positive correlation	Very strong positive correlation	Very strong positive correlation

AI: Artificial intelligence; ICC: Intraclass Correlation Coefficient; N/A: Not applicable; O: Orthopedic surgeons.