Foot and ankle history and clinical examination: A guide to everyday practice

Table 5 Movements of the ankle joint and possible causes of restrictions[3,9]

Movement	Normal range of motion	Possible causes of restriction
Dorsiflexion	0-20 degrees	Tight Achilles tendon Tightness of the posterior ligaments Loss of flexibility in the ankle syndesmosis Impingement of anterior soft tissue or osteophytes
Plantar flexion	0-50 degrees	Anterior capsule/ligaments contractures Posterior impingement
Inversion	0-35 degrees	Tension in the joint capsules and the lateral ligaments1
Eversion	0-15 degrees	Tension in the joint capsules and the medial ligaments1

¹Inversion and eversion is mostly the motion of subtalar joint, the most common causes of restriction including subtalar arthritis, tarsal coalitions or calcaneal fracture malunion.