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For: Leowattana W, Leowattana P, Leowattana T. Tuberculosis of the spine. World J Orthop 2023; 14(5): 275-293 [PMID: 37304201 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v14.i5.275]
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-5836/full/v14/i5/275.htm
Number Citing Articles
1
Zhong Ma, Xin Liu, Mingtao Zhang, Zuolong Wu, Xianxu Zhang, Shicheng Li, Jiangdong An, Zhiqiang Luo. Differences analysis between spinal tuberculosis and brucella spondylitis with preoperative non-invasive differential diagnosis. European Spine Journal 2025; 34(2) doi: 10.1007/s00586-025-08647-w
2
Fatima N. Anwar, Andrea M. Roca, Ishan Khosla, Srinath S. Medakkar, Alexandra C. Loya, Vincent P. Federico, Dustin H. Massel, Arash J. Sayari, Gregory D. Lopez, Kern Singh. Antibiotic use in spine surgery: A narrative review based in principles of antibiotic stewardship. North American Spine Society Journal (NASSJ) 2023; 16 doi: 10.1016/j.xnsj.2023.100278
3
Bibek Shrestha, Sangam Neupane, Nikhil Ranjan Das, Subodh Acharya, Santosh Khadka, Shrawan Dhungana, Dinesh Kafle. Pott's Spine Presenting With Concurrent Paraspinal, Retropharyngeal, and Wrist Abscesses: A Rare Case Report. Clinical Case Reports 2026; 14(9) doi: 10.1002/ccr3.73445
4
Mutaleeb Shobode. Neurological Recovery Following Surgical Treatment of Spinal Tuberculosis: A Prospective Cohort Study. International Journal of Spine Research 2026; 8(1) doi: 10.17352/ijsr.000027
5
Yuchao Wang, Xuepeng Bai, Ting Li, Sen Yuan, Shuli Zong, Yungang Chen, Hao Wang, Zhen Song, Hongchao Wang, Yanke Hao, Yiwei Qu, Junhui Liu, Qiang Zhang, Guoyan Liu. Multimodal imaging fusion and machine learning model development: differential diagnosis of spinal inflammatory lesions using combined CT hounsfield units and MRI features. European Spine Journal 2026; 35(3) doi: 10.1007/s00586-025-09341-7
6
Gui Li, Qianbo Song, Ye Song, Wenxing Liao, Dong Zhao, Binqing Hong, Guangru Cao. Preparation and in vitro sustained release performance of thermosensitive gel microsphere composite loaded with Anti-Tuberculosis drug PaMZ/BMP-2. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research 2026; 21(1) doi: 10.1186/s13018-025-06595-1
7
Shuhrat Bozorov, Bakhtiyor Khamdamov, Isomiddin Usmanov, Nigora Faizullaeva, Musharraf Shodiyeva. Endothelial, cytokine, and Th1/cellular host biomarkers discriminate complicated osteoarticular tuberculosis: a prospective single-center cohort study with ROC analysis. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 2026; 16 doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2026.1866153
8
Oana Maria Vanta, Anamaria Marian, Manuela Lenghel, Linda Ghib, Sonia Irina Vlaicu, Larisa Rotaru, Ileana Nicoară, Simona Rednic, Cristina Pamfil. Differentiating Tuberculous and Pyogenic Spondylodiscitis: Part II: MRI/CT Features, Prediction Models, and the Role of PET/CT—A Narrative Review. Diagnostics 2026; 16(16) doi: 10.3390/diagnostics16162540
9
Sabit Sunwar, Abrar A. Saiyed. Delayed diagnosis of thoracic spine tuberculosis: a learning objective in primary care. International Journal of Clinical Trials 2025; 12(1) doi: 10.18203/2349-3259.ijct20250022
10
Rajasekaran Shanmuganathan, Karthik Ramachandran, Ajoy Prasad Shetty, Rishi Mugesh Kanna. Active tuberculosis of spine: Current updates. North American Spine Society Journal (NASSJ) 2023; 16 doi: 10.1016/j.xnsj.2023.100267
11
HongBao Ma, XueWei Wang, ChaoRan Wang, CaiLi Lou, ZongQiang Yang, Ning Zhang, JianDang Shi, NingKui Niu. Study on the pathological diagnostic value of spinal tuberculosis lesions with different submitting methods and tissue types. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research 2026; 21(1) doi: 10.1186/s13018-026-06704-8
12
Percy F. Agüero-Espinoza, Hugo Sánchez-Cerna. Spinal Tuberculosis Masked by Secondary Pyogenic Infection: A Case report of Lumbar Spondylodiscitis with Psoas Abscess. Microbes, Infection and Chemotherapy 2026; 6 doi: 10.54034/mic.e2781
13
Hao Xing, Junlin Pan, Huan Liu, Yanan Wang, Zhengqi Chang. Preliminary research indicates that mechanical force through Pioze1 enhances local immunity during NPWT treatment for spinal infections. Frontiers in Immunology 2025; 16 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1600194
14
Hussein Salad Yusuf, Abdirisak Ali Abukar, Mohamed Said Adan, Abdiaziz Siad Mohamed, Zakariye Yusuf Mohamed, Mustaf Abdi Ulusow, Mohamed Osman Dahir Alasow, Abdiwahid Ahmed Ibrahim, Naimo Awil Dahir. Spondylodiscitis in a tuberculosis-endemic setting in Somalia: epidemiological, clinical, radiological, and outcome findings from a retrospective study. Frontiers in Tuberculosis 2026; 4 doi: 10.3389/ftubr.2026.1971442
15
Raveena Kini, Prachita Walankar, Aman Minocha, Vrushali Panhale. Neuroplasticity and activity-based rehabilitation of a patient with post-surgical chronic Pott’s spine: a case report. Bulletin of Faculty of Physical Therapy 2025; 30(1) doi: 10.1186/s43161-025-00269-z
16
Israël Maoneo, Teddy Ketani, Glennie Ntsambi, Larrey Kasereka Kamabu, Antoine Beltchika, Didier Baonga, Pierre Akilimali, Freddy Wami W’Ifongo. Comparison between surgical and conservative management of tuberculous spondylodiscitis at University Teaching Hospitals of Kinshasa and Kisangani in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 2025; 139 doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2025.111473
17
Erny Khomariyah, Komang A. Irianto, Retno A. Setyoningrum. Pediatric tuberculous spondylitis – A study of the relationship of neurological status to different variables at tertiary centers in a developing country. Journal of Musculoskeletal Surgery and Research 2025; 9 doi: 10.25259/JMSR_444_2024
18
Dana-Georgiana Nedelea, Diana Elena Vulpe, George Viscopoleanu, Alexandru Constantin Radulescu, Alexandra Ana Mihailescu, Sebastian Gradinaru, Mihnea Orghidan, Cristian Scheau, Romica Cergan, Serban Dragosloveanu. Progressive Thoracolumbar Tuberculosis in a Young Male: Diagnostic, Therapeutic, and Surgical Insights. Infectious Disease Reports 2024; 16(5) doi: 10.3390/idr16050080
19
Tao Li, Shaohua Liu. A Lumbar Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: A Case Report and Review of Literature. Infection and Drug Resistance 2024;  doi: 10.2147/IDR.S504519
20
Songnian Que, Chengran Zhang, Yunjia Wang, Yixuan Qiu, Bin Tian, Qianfei Liu, Kaile Feng, Junbao Chen, Xuya Hou, Tao Li, Guanteng Yang, Xuehui Lian, Zongjing Liu, Guohui Zeng, Haihong Fu, Rongmou Zhang, Mingxing Tang, Qile Gao. CD36 inhibition promotes bone defect repair in spinal tuberculosis by regulating ferroptosis in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2026; 252 doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2026.05.294
21
Yergen N. Kenzhegulov, Daniyar K. Zhamoldin, Victor G. Aleinikov, Talgat T. Kerimbayev, Berik Zhetpisbaev, Serik Akshulakov. Extensive thoracic vertebral and chest wall metastases as the initial presentation of breast cancer: a case report and literature review. Frontiers in Oncology 2025; 15 doi: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1632700
22
Rita M. Austin, Tanvi P. Honap, Allison E. Mann, Alexander Hübner, Cassandra M. S. DeGaglia, Christina Warinner, Molly K. Zuckerman, Courtney A. Hofman. Metagenomic and paleopathological analyses of a historic documented collection explore ancient dental calculus as a diagnostic tool. Scientific Reports 2024; 14(1) doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-64818-7
23
Anamaria Marian, Oana Maria Vanța, Valentin Danci, Larisa Rotaru, Maria-Magdalena Tămaș, Rodica Ungur, Simona Rednic, Cristina Pamfil. Differentiating Tuberculous and Pyogenic Spondylodiscitis: Part I—Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Laboratory Markers, and Tissue-Based Diagnosis. Diagnostics 2026; 16(14) doi: 10.3390/diagnostics16142243
24
Hanne Schreurs, Joost Dejaegher, Tom Decroo, Emmanuel André, Natalie Lorent, Liesbet Henckaerts. Pre-extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis of the spine in a previously healthy young adult: case report. BMC Infectious Diseases 2026; 26(1) doi: 10.1186/s12879-025-12463-4
25
Yuanrui Luo, Hongwei Chen, Hua Chen, Peng Xiu, Jiancheng Zeng, Yueming Song, Tao Li. Recent Advances in Nanotechnology-Based Strategies for Bone Tuberculosis Management. Pharmaceuticals 2024; 17(2) doi: 10.3390/ph17020170
26
Xin Wei Choo, Jing Wen Wong, Mohd Arif Abdul Malik Khiew, Kai Siang Khoo, Anusha Ramanaidu, Anweeitha Ramasamy, Chee Yik Chang. Spinal Tuberculosis in a Young Male Patient With Empty Sella Syndrome and Panhypopituitarism. Cureus 2025;  doi: 10.7759/cureus.78223
27
Aditi Soni, Monika Sharma, Rajesh K. Singh. Designing 1,4-Dihydropyridines-Based Multitarget Therapeutics: Recent Advances and Future Directions. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 2025; 25(19) doi: 10.2174/0115680266375345250414050338
28
Dongdong Yu, Yongjian Kang, Wenxin Lu, Bin Chen. Progress in diagnosis and treatment of primary spondylodiscitis: a systematic literature review. EFORT Open Reviews 2025; 10(10) doi: 10.1530/EOR-2025-0041
29
RENATO HIROSHI SALVIONI UETA, ALEXANDRE FELIPE FRANçA FILHO, HASSAN AHMAD HAUACHE NETO, MARIA BEATRIZ PINHEIRO LEONEL, FáBIO ANTôNIO VIEIRA. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF SPINAL TUBERCULOSIS AND TREATMENT PERFORMED IN A SUS REFERENCE SERVICE FROM 2005 TO 2024. Coluna/Columna 2026; 25(1) doi: 10.1590/s1808-185120262501295091
30
Thitikan Wangapakul, Alejandro Becerril-Mejía, Ambar Elizabeth Riley Moguel, Janeth N. Nuñez-Lupaca, Rodrigo Jesus Flores Palacios, Jesús Oswaldo Díaz Lagunas, Xavier Wong Achi. Preoperative Motor and Sensory Dysfunction as Predictors of Permanent Neurological Deficit in Spinal Tuberculosis: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Cureus 2026;  doi: 10.7759/cureus.108105
31
Multilevel spinal tuberculosis: a case report emphasizing the critical role of early diagnosis in mitigating neurological complications. International Journal of Research in Orthopaedics 2025; 11(3) doi: 10.18203/issn.2455-4510.IntJResOrthop20251152
32
Pramod Kumar Kafle, Bishwaraj Adhikari, Tej Prakash Dawadi, Dakshyata Poudel, Apil Dawadi, Binod Paudel, Sonu Yadav. Tubercular myelitis with cauda equina syndrome: a rare case report. International Journal of Surgery: Global Health 2025; 8(3) doi: 10.1097/GH9.0000000000000565
33
Monalisa Mohanty, Mantu Jain, Sujit Kumar Tripathy, Manisha Tripathy, Preetam Kumar Kar, Baijayantimala Mishra, Prasanta Raghab Mohapatra. Bibliometric analysis of research on spinal tuberculosis in last 5 years. World Journal of Virology 2025; 14(2): 102668 doi: 10.5501/wjv.v14.i2.102668
34
Sandeep Velicheti, Manasa Mayukha Hanumanthu, Pravallika Prasanna Godaba, Sriya Vanjavakam, Phalgun Venkata Madala, Raghu Teja Sadineni. Imaging in spinal tuberculosis: A comprehensive radiologic review. Indian Journal of Musculoskeletal Radiology 2026; 8 doi: 10.25259/IJMSR_51_2025
35
Jingwen Jia, Mingtao Zhang, Zhenyu Cao, Xuchang Hu, Shuanhu Lei, Yizhi Zhang, Xuewen Kang. The rabbit model for spinal tuberculosis: An overview. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery 2024; 32(2) doi: 10.1177/10225536241266703
36
Fei Jiang, Jinpeng Bao, Xuhong Zhu, Xiaokang He. Optimizing minimally invasive surgery for spinal tuberculosis. Asian Journal of Surgery 2026; 49(4) doi: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2025.10.072
37
38
Lijun Feng, Mengqi Zhu, Xu Zhang, Ningkui Niu, Zhiyun Shi. METTL14 mediates the m6A methylation of miR-29a-3p, thereby activating the MAP2K6 signaling pathway and exacerbating the inflammatory response associated with spinal tuberculosis. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research 2025; 20(1) doi: 10.1186/s13018-025-06037-y
39
Danielle Rossell, William Kim, Wayne Manness, Nitin Das Kunnathu Puthanveedu. Presumed tuberculosis spondylitis with sternal involvement. Radiology Case Reports 2025; 20(1) doi: 10.1016/j.radcr.2024.10.025
40
Acute Pyelonephritis with Acute Kidney Injury Complicated by Pott’s Spine: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Considerations. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 2026;  doi: 10.14260/jemds.v15i2.844
41
Souvik Banik, Sheetal Madavi. Navigating Perioperative Challenges in Pott’s Spine: A Comprehensive Review. Cureus 2024;  doi: 10.7759/cureus.59871
42
Latha Ganti, Abigail Alorda, Abhishek Agrawal, Tanner Reed, Richard Rieck. Spinal Epidural Abscess. Current Emergency and Hospital Medicine Reports 2024; 12(1) doi: 10.1007/s40138-024-00284-9
43
Sean O’Leary, Takara Newsome-Cuby, Usama AlDallal, Mina Guirguis, Umaru Barrie, Mazin Al Tamimi, Carlos A. Bagley, Salah Aoun. Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Hot Topics in Acute Care Surgery and Trauma 2025;  doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-99890-4_6
44
Emmanuel O. Oladeji, Tochukwu N. Enemuo, Temitayo A. Anthony-Awi, Adedamola A. Olaniyi, Japheth O. Olaku, Peter B. Aransiola, Ridhwanullah A. Salawu, Gabriel O. Adedoyin, Olorunnisola O. Olatide. Disparities in the Clinical Profile of Spinal Tuberculosis in Africa: A Scoping Review of Management and Outcome. World Neurosurgery 2024; 192 doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.09.003
45
Afsana Rahman Maliha, Md Mostakim Billah, Md Mortuza Arafin, Ibrahim Khalil, Tahseen Tabassum. Successful management of Pott’s disease in a young woman with 32 weeks of pregnancy: a rare case report. Radiology Case Reports 2026; 21(5) doi: 10.1016/j.radcr.2026.01.041
46
Hanwen Cheng, Haoyu Wu, Ni Tan, Zhuojie Liu, Ning Wang, Ningyi Chen, Chunhai Li. Diagnostic Efficacy of Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing in Patients with Spinal Infections: A Retrospective Study. Infection and Drug Resistance 2023;  doi: 10.2147/IDR.S435466
47
Nitin Pothare, Sushil Mankar, Ronit P Dalvi, Aditya Patel, Swapnil Thorat. Beyond Kyphosis: A Case of Tuberculous Spondylodiscitis With L3 Vertebral Dislocation. Cureus 2026;  doi: 10.7759/cureus.113593
48
Na Wang, Haijing Xiao, Yujuan Liu, Yawen Ma, Liping Wu, Qianqian Wang, Zheng Wang, Jine Chen, Xi Zhang. Heterogeneity in longitudinal medication adherence patterns among patients with spinal tuberculosis: a latent class analysis using multi-timepoint follow-up data and associations with clinical outcomes. Frontiers in Public Health 2026; 14 doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2026.1733775
49
Hamid Faqih Umam, Aila Mustofa, Nova Nasikhatussoraya, David Noor Umam. Promising performance of artificial intelligence in imaging of tuberculous spondylitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PHARMACY HEALTH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2023 2026; 3417 doi: 10.1063/5.0343396
50
Sankalp Yadav. Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis of the Spine With Bilateral Psoas and Pre- and Paravertebral Abscesses in an Immunocompetent Indian Female With Multiple Adverse Drug Reactions: The World’s First Report. Cureus 2024;  doi: 10.7759/cureus.51835
51
Yongrui Yang, Wenkai Ruan, Jianlong Li, Rongpan Dang, Huigang An, Wentao Zhao, Liang Xu, Hongdong Tan. Endoscopic Retroperitoneal Debridement Combined with Posterior Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Fixation for Lumbar Infectious Spondylodiscitis: A Retrospective Study and Preliminary Results. Journal of Inflammation Research 2025;  doi: 10.2147/JIR.S574973
52
Renfeng Liu, Jinpeng He, Qizhi Fan, Hao Zhou, Xin Wu, Zuyun Yan, Wei Tan, Xiaofang Zang, Youwen Deng. Clinical efficacy of different surgical approaches in the treatment of thoracolumbar tuberculosis: a multicenter retrospective case–control study with a minimum 10-year follow-up. International Journal of Surgery 2024; 110(6) doi: 10.1097/JS9.0000000000001272
53
Andrea Cassoni, Chiara Gaudino, Chiara Veneroso, Resi Pucci, Daniele Di Carlo, Valentino Valentini. Diagnostic Considerations in Cervical Pott Disease: When to Investigate Recurrent Cervicocephalic Pain. Journal of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery 2026;  doi: 10.1007/s12663-026-03249-5
54
Charles K. Crawford, Hajra Arshad, Linda C. Chu, Elliot K. Fishman. Pott’s disease: A case of multilevel vertebral tuberculosis with spinal deformity. Radiology Case Reports 2025; 20(10) doi: 10.1016/j.radcr.2025.06.108
55
Jaouher Dhouibi, Amine Kalai, Amr Chaabeni, Ahlem Aissa, Zohra Ben Salah Frih, Anis Jellad. Rehabilitation management of patients with spinal tuberculosis (Review). Medicine International 2024; 4(3) doi: 10.3892/mi.2024.152
56
Sahak Mkrtchyan. Spinal Tuberculosis Mimicking Metastatic Lung Cancer: A Case of Misdiagnosis. Cureus 2025;  doi: 10.7759/cureus.91815
57
Zongqiang Yang, Zhangui Gu, Qiang Liu, Long Ma, Le Fei, Ningkui Niu, Jiandang Shi. Clinical characteristics and surgical treatment comparison of multisegmental spinal tuberculosis: a retrospective analysis. Frontiers in Medicine 2025; 12 doi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1541745
58
Farida Arisanti, Tertianto Prabowo, Putri Endyana, Apichana Kovindha. Functional Prognosis of Spinal Cord Injury Due to Spinal Tuberculosis. OBM Neurobiology 2025; 9(01) doi: 10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2501279
59
Bowen Han, Mingshan Zhang, Cheng Cui, Maolin Niu, Xue Liang, Zhixuan Li, Dapeng Wu, Xuejian Wu. Clinical outcomes of individualized surgical pathways in elderly patients with spinal tuberculosis: a retrospective cohort study in eastern China. Frontiers in Medicine 2026; 13 doi: 10.3389/fmed.2026.1869144
60
Shiwei Xie, Mingwei Luo, Gengwu Li, Heng Xiao. Retrospective evaluation of combined anterior and posterior surgery with autologous tricortical iliac and rib bone grafting for severe kyphotic deformity in thoracic spinal tuberculosis. Neurochirurgie 2025; 71(2) doi: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2025.101635
61
T. Ferry, C. Batailler, C. Dupieux-Chabert, S. Lustig, A. Bertani, A. Viste, A. Trécourt, S. Brosset, C. Triffault-Fillit, F. Valour. Infección osteoarticular. EMC - Tratado de Medicina 2025; 29(1) doi: 10.1016/S1636-5410(24)49921-2
62
Amba Putra Negoro, Rosy Setiawati. Cervical spinal tuberculosis: Consistent imaging clues for early recognition from a case series. Surgical Neurology International 2026; 17 doi: 10.25259/SNI_527_2026
63
Paul van Schie, Bregje Jaeger, Martijn van der Kuip, Agnita Stadhouder, Ricardo E. Feller. Cervicothoracic Tuberculous Spondylitis in a Toddler: A Case Report. Journal of Neurological Surgery Reports 2026; 87(03) doi: 10.1055/a-2952-7393
64
Irfan Qayoom, Purva Gupta, Abhishek Dash, Vimal Kumar, Abdul Mabood Khan, Ashok Kumar. Development of a nanocement platform for site-specific antibiotic delivery in skeletal tuberculosis. Acta Biomaterialia 2026;  doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2026.03.041
65
Guoxuan Peng, Yuan Lin, Qiang Zou, Hongcheng Peng, Anyi Lei, Xu Zou, Zhe Xu, Hong Sun, Xu Ning, Mingzhi Huang. Malassezia restricta as an unexpected cause of infectious osteomyelitis diagnosed by metagenomic sequencing: a case report and literature review. BMC Infectious Diseases 2024; 24(1) doi: 10.1186/s12879-024-09512-9
66
Thao M. Doan, Eric T. Chen. Radiologic diagnosis of spinal tuberculosis in a young woman with persistent low back pain. PM&R 2026; 18(6) doi: 10.1002/pmrj.70091
67
Di Xue, Xiaolei Chen, Lufei Shao, Qinfu Liu, Jia Chen, Yajing Su, Chen Zhang, Zhirong Chen, Min Su, Zhiqiang Wu, Yiqiang Yang, Xue Lin. Risk factors for the progression from pulmonary tuberculosis to spinal tuberculosis: a logistic regression analysis. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research 2025; 20(1) doi: 10.1186/s13018-025-05848-3
68
Livja Mertiri, John T. Freiling, Nilesh K. Desai, Stephen F. Kralik, Thierry A. G. M. Huisman. Pediatric and adult meningeal, parenchymal, and spinal tuberculosis: A neuroimaging review. Journal of Neuroimaging 2024; 34(2) doi: 10.1111/jon.13177
69
Druti Hazra, Rosemary Shaji V, Arushi Dhall, Arathi P. Rao, Anil K. Bhat, Kiran Chawla. A ten-year experience of musculoskeletal tuberculosis at a tertiary care hospital in South India. Journal of Orthopaedics 2024; 56 doi: 10.1016/j.jor.2024.05.001
70
Hamed Karami, Svenn-Erik Mamelund, Alexandra Smirnova, Gerardo Chowell. Global excess tuberculosis mortality during COVID-19: a country-level modeling study of policy and development correlates. BMC Public Health 2025; 25(1) doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-24858-8
71
Guangxuan Yan, Peng Wang, Weijie Dong, Jun Fan, Tinglong Lan, Xiaojing Yan, Li Ma. Clinical and imaging factors associated with paraplegia at presentation in thoracic spinal tuberculosis. International Orthopaedics 2026; 50(7) doi: 10.1007/s00264-026-06904-1