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For: Pavone V, Chisari E, Vescio A, Lizzio C, Sessa G, Testa G. Aetiology of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: A systematic review. World J Orthop 2019; 10(3): 145-165 [PMID: 30918798 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v10.i3.145]
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-5836/full/v10/i3/145.htm
Number Citing Articles
1
Beyhan Tüysüz, Nilay Güneş, Timur Yıldırım, Hasan Karakaş, Büşra Kasap, Hilal Onur, Dilek Uludağ Alkaya, Sezgin Şahin, Mehmet Müfit Orak, Gazi Zorer, Sebuh Kuruğoğlu, Özgür Kasapçopur. Diagnostic Yield of Genetic Disorders in Children with Hip Dysplasia Mimicking Bilateral Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease. Diagnostics 2026; 16(14) doi: 10.3390/diagnostics16142293
2
Ritesh Arvind Pandey, Anand Bhushan, Lakshay Garg. A Quick Guide to Essential Orthopedics. 2025;  doi: 10.1007/978-981-95-2676-5_50
3
Christiane Sylvia Leibold, Nicolas Vuillemin, Lorenz Büchler, Klaus Arno Siebenrock, Simon Damian Steppacher. Surgical hip dislocation with relative femoral neck lengthening and retinacular soft-tissue flap for sequela of Legg–Calve–Perthes disease. Operative Orthopädie und Traumatologie 2022; 34(5) doi: 10.1007/s00064-022-00780-9
4
Bshara Sleem, Jad Abdul Khalek, Karim Kanbar, Elio Bitar, Pablo Castaneda, Karim Masrouha. Genetics and Epigenetics of Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease. JBJS Reviews 2025; 13(3) doi: 10.2106/JBJS.RVW.24.00209
5
Else E. A. E. Juch, Vincent C. van de Koppel, Donna Blokland, Renko A. Wouters, Frank J. G. Backx, Edwin A. Goedhart, Nick van der Horst. Growth-related sports injuries among young male professional football players in the Netherlands: a prospective cohort study concerning injury incidence, severity and burden. Science and Medicine in Football 2025; 9(1) doi: 10.1080/24733938.2023.2261399
6
Paula L. Hedley, Ulrik Lausten-Thomsen, Kristin M. Conway, Klaus Hindsø, Paul A. Romitti, Michael Christiansen. Incidence trends and risk factors for Perthes’ disease in children born between 1985 and 2016. The Bone & Joint Journal 2025; (2) doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.107B2.BJJ-2024-0213.R1
7
TianTian Wang, XiaoLin Luo, BoXiang Li, Qian Huang, JianHong Liu, ShengPing Tang, Yun Liu, RongBin Lu, ShiJie Liao, XiaoFei Ding. Platelet to lymphocyte ratio was a risk factor in Perthes disease. Scientific Reports 2023; 13(1) doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-32000-0
8
Aleksei N. Kozhevnikov, Dmitrii B. Barsukov, Aigul R. Gubaeva. Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease presenting with osteoarthritis: Mechanisms of the development and prospects of conservative therapy using bisphosphonates. Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery 2023; 11(3) doi: 10.17816/PTORS456498
9
H. Al Khoury Salem, E. Haddad, B. Dohin. Osteocondritis primaria de la cadera o enfermedad de Legg-Calvé-Perthes. EMC - Aparato Locomotor 2023; 56(4) doi: 10.1016/S1286-935X(23)48515-2
10
Abdulsalam M. Aleid, Saud N. Aldanyowi, Hasan A. AlAidarous, Zainab M. Aleid, Abdulaziz S. Alharthi, Abbas Al Mutair. Incidence and complication rate of arthroplasty in Perthes disease management: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences 2025; 20(1) doi: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2024.12.003
11
Anna Myszka, Hanna Mańkowska-Pliszka, Ewa Rzeźnicka, Agnieszka Dąbkowska, Jacek Tomczyk. Case study of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease observed in Radom (Poland, 18th–19th century) with literature review. Anthropological Review 2023; 86(1) doi: 10.18778/1898-6773.86.1.03
12
Tianjiu Zhang, Xiaolin Hu, Song Yu, Chunyan Wei. Construction of ceRNA network based on RNA-seq for identifying prognostic lncRNA biomarkers in Perthes disease. Frontiers in Genetics 2023; 14 doi: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1105893
13
诗宇 黄. Methods of Imaging Diagnosis of Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease. Advances in Clinical Medicine 2025; 15(02) doi: 10.12677/acm.2025.152420
14
Mohammed Elmarghany, Tarek M. Abd El-Ghaffar, Ahmed Elgeushy, Yehia Hasanin, Ehab Elzahed, Mohamed I. Abulsoud, Mohamed Moawad. Impingement-free hip range of motion after osteochondroplasty and relative neck lengthening in adults with healed Perthes disease. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research 2020; 15(1) doi: 10.1186/s13018-020-01899-w
15
Vesna Spasovski, Sanja Srzentić Dražilov, Gordana Nikčević, Zoran Baščarević, Maja Stojiljković, Sonja Pavlović, Duško Spasovski. Molecular Biomarkers in Perthes Disease: A Review. Diagnostics 2023; 13(3) doi: 10.3390/diagnostics13030471
16
S. Mohebbi, A. Mohebbi, S. Mohammadzadeh, A. Mohammadi, M.H. Nabian. Diagnostic performance of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiography 2026; 32(1) doi: 10.1016/j.radi.2025.103242
17
Gabriella B. Mörlin, Yasmin D. Hailer. High blood pressure and overweight in children with Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: a nationwide population-based cohort study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2021; 22(1) doi: 10.1186/s12891-020-03889-9
18
Yuzhen Shi, Yanqin Ying, Xiaoping Luo, Ling Hou. Growth Hormone Treatment in Children with Perthes Disease and Growth Hormone Deficiency: A Case Report and Literature Review. Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets 2023; 23(13) doi: 10.2174/1871530323666230504113023
19
M. Adeel Alam Shah, Wei Tang, Yue Ma, Wang Zhe, Sheng-Bo Yu, Hong-Jin Sui. Regional distribution of microvasculature within the canine femoral head: a study of plastinated tissue histology and 3D reconstruction. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research 2025; 20(1) doi: 10.1186/s13018-025-05522-8
20
Ronghui Yu, Cong Ma, Guoyong Li, Jianyun Xu, Dan Feng, Xia Lan. Inhibition of Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling Pathway Accelerates the Repair of Avascular Necrosis of Femoral Epiphysis through Regulating Macrophage Polarization in Perthes Disease. Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 2023; 20(3) doi: 10.1007/s13770-023-00529-w
21
Katharina Fuchs, Biaslan Ch. Atabiev, Florian Witzmann, Julia Gresky. Towards a definition of Ancient Rare Diseases (ARD): Presenting a complex case of probable Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease from the North Caucasian Bronze Age (2200-1650 cal BCE). International Journal of Paleopathology 2021; 32 doi: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2020.11.004
22
Huanhuan Gao, Zeqing Huang, Zhaoxu Jia, Hengli Ye, Fanyu Fu, Mengge Song, Yan Zhao, Weiheng Chen. Influence of passive smoking on the onset of Legg-Calvè-Perthes disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics B 2020; 29(6) doi: 10.1097/BPB.0000000000000725
23
Álvaro M. Monge Calleja, Carla Ribeiro, Rosa Ramos Gaspar, José Cristóvão, Catarina Tente, Pedro C. Carvalho, Ana Maria Silva. Health, trauma, and social care in a medieval rural community: the evidence of remodeled severe bone lesions in the necropolis of Santa Maria (Idanha-a-Velha, Portugal). Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies 2026;  doi: 10.1080/17546559.2026.2707111
24
Tammy Ng, Ruikang Liu, Vedant A. Kulkarni. Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease: Diagnosis, Decision Making, and Outcome. Current Sports Medicine Reports 2024; 23(2) doi: 10.1249/JSR.0000000000001139
25
Yannick Ahlbrecht, Oliver Pilz, Julia Gresky. Testing the Digital Atlas of Ancient Rare Diseases (DAARD) using a new case of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease from Early Byzantine (500–700 CE) Olympia, Greece. International Journal of Paleopathology 2024; 46 doi: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2024.07.002
26
Tanya Boghosian, David Momtaz, Jad Lawand, Jacob Jahn, Blaire Peterson, Abdullah Ghali, Pooya Hosseinzadeh. Risk Factors for Developing Perthes Disease: A Comprehensive National Analysis Spanning 2 Decades. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics 2025; 45(5) doi: 10.1097/BPO.0000000000002914
27
Адріяна ГАВРОНСЬКА, Зоряна КОРИТКО, Оксана ГУЗІЙ. СУЧАСНІ ПІДХОДИ ДО ФІЗИЧНОЇ ТЕРАПІЇ ДІТЕЙ ІЗ ХВОРОБОЮ ЛЕГГА–КАЛЬВЕ–ПЕРТЕСА: ДОКАЗОВІ СТРАТЕГІЇ ТА ПОБУДОВА ПРОГРАМИ ВТРУЧАННЯ. Фізична активність, здоров’я і спорт 2026; (1) doi: 10.32782/2221-1217-2026-1-03
28
Chantal Deslandre. La hanche chez l’enfant de 0 à 17 ans. Revue du Rhumatisme Monographies 2020; 87(1) doi: 10.1016/j.monrhu.2019.11.001
29
Armando O. Rodríguez-Olivas, Edgar Hernández-Zamora, Elba Reyes-Maldonado. Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease overview. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2022; 17(1) doi: 10.1186/s13023-022-02275-z
30
Jianhong Liu, Zhirui Hua, Shijie Liao, Boxiang Li, Shengping Tang, Qian Huang, Zhendi Wei, Rongbin Lu, Chengsen Lin, Xiaofei Ding. Prediction of the active compounds and mechanism of Biochanin A in the treatment of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease based on network pharmacology and molecular docking. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies 2024; 24(1) doi: 10.1186/s12906-023-04298-w
31
Naoya Saeki, Rinna Kanai, Sayuri Tatsuta, Shinichi Kawaguchi, Masatsune Itoh, Shinsuke Ohba, Makoto Abe. Pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets of trichorhinophalangeal syndrome; lessons obtained from animal studies. Developmental Dynamics 2026; 255(3) doi: 10.1002/dvdy.70082
32
Wudbhav N. Sankar, Julianna Lee, David Chong, Yasmin D. Hailer, Luiz R. Agrizzi de Angeli, Scott Yang, Jennifer Laine, Harry K.W. Kim. Perfusion magnetic resonance imaging correlates with the duration of stages and lateral pillar class in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. Journal of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America 2024; 6 doi: 10.1016/j.jposna.2024.100019
33
Orna Alexandra Glynn, Eisten Keogh, Ciara Egan. Musculoskeletal Disease and Obesity. 2024;  doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-63310-2_10
34
Nour Ibrahim, Amanda O'Halloran, Colm Taylor. Unravelling the Decline: A systematic review of incidence trends and contributing factors in Perthes disease. Journal of Orthopaedic Reports 2026; 5(2) doi: 10.1016/j.jorep.2025.100727
35
Mohammad Javad Akbarian-Bafghi, Seyed Alireza Dastgheib, Majid Morovati-Sharifabad, Mohammad Reza Sobhan, Mansour Moghimi, Masoud Mahdinezhad-Yazdi, Mohammad Hosein Lookzadeh, Sahel Khajehnoori, Hossein Neamatzadeh. Association of IL-6 -174G > C and -572G > C Polymorphisms with Risk of Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease in Iranian Children. Fetal and Pediatric Pathology 2021; 40(3) doi: 10.1080/15513815.2019.1693671
36
K. A. Singh, N. Harne, H. Shah. Does early and aggressive management of significant extrusion of the femoral head affect the outcome of Perthes’ disease with the age of onset younger than 7 years?. MUSCULOSKELETAL SURGERY 2022; 106(3) doi: 10.1007/s12306-021-00709-8
37
Aijing Wang, Thomas Nixon, Howard Martin, Allan Richards, Annie McNinch, Philip Alexander, Rathin Pujari, Peter Bale, Nicholas Shenker, Philip Bearcroft, Senjah Brown, Adrian Blackwell, Arabella Poulson, Martin Snead. Legg-Calve-Perthes’ disease: an opportunity to prevent blindness?. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2023; 108(10) doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2022-325059
38
Uvaraj Periasamy, Marianne Chilutti, Summer L. Kaplan, Christopher P. Hickey, Katie Hayes, Jeffrey W. Pennington, Fran Balamuth, Julie C. Fitzgerald, Scott L. Weiss. Prevalence of and Associations With Avascular Necrosis After Pediatric Sepsis: A Single-Center Retrospective Study. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 2022; 23(3) doi: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000002880
39
Marco Aurelio Santos Santana, Lucas Bahiense Guimarães, Ludmila Correia Mendes, Lucas Leal Varjao. Effectiveness of therapeutic methods for Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease according to staging, limits of conservative treatment: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Orthopedic Reviews 2024; 16 doi: 10.52965/001c.122123
40
Emmanouela Dionysia Laskaratou, Babis Konstantoulakis, Ioannis Sperelakis, George Kontakis, Nikolaos Tzanakis, Rozalia Dimitriou. Incidence of Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease in Crete (2021-2024): A Prospective Population-Based Epidemiological Study With Contemporary Literature Review. Cureus 2026;  doi: 10.7759/cureus.107954
41
Qian Huang, Boxiang Li, Chengsen Lin, Xianxiang Chen, Tiantian Wang, Jianhong Liu, Yun Liu, Rongbin Lu, Shijie Liao, Xiaofei Ding. MicroRNA sequence analysis of plasma exosomes in early Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease. Cellular Signalling 2022; 91 doi: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110184
42
Vidhi Adukia, Kunal Kulkarni, Dipen K. Menon. Orthopedics of the Upper and Lower Limb. 2020;  doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-43286-7_15
43
Boxiang Li, Qian Huang, Chengsen Lin, Rongbin Lu, Tiantian Wang, Xianxiang Chen, Zhengtang Liu, Yun Liu, Jianping Wu, Yang Wu, Shijie Liao, Xiaofei Ding. Increased circulating CD31+/CD42b-EMPs in Perthes disease and inhibit HUVECs angiogenesis via endothelial dysfunction. Life Sciences 2021; 265 doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118749
44
Claire Marie Anne LeBlanc, Kristin Michelle Houghton. Textbook of Pediatric Rheumatology. 2027;  doi: 10.1016/B978-0-443-11980-4.00054-4
45
Pan Hong, Xiaolong Zhao, Ruikang Liu, Saroj Rai, Yingying Song, Ruijing Xu, Jin Li. Perthes Disease in a Child With Osteogenesis Imperfecta From a Rare Genetic Variant: A Case Report. Frontiers in Genetics 2022; 13 doi: 10.3389/fgene.2022.920950
46
Stephanie Ball, Rhianydd Thomas, Adam M Galloway, Luke M Davies, Kelly Gray, Sue Brennan, Renea V Johnston, Nicole Williams, Craig F Munns, Verity Pacey. Treatment for primary avascular necrosis of the lower limb in childhood. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2026; 2026(2) doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD016326
47
M. P. Teplen’kiy, M. V. Chepeleva, E. I. Kuznetsova. PERTHES DISEASE: IMMUNOLOGICAL ASPECTS. Russian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 2020; 65(4) doi: 10.18821/0869-2084-2020-65-4-239-243
48
Frank Gaillard, Mateusz Wilczek, Bahman Rasuli. Radiopaedia.org. 2008;  doi: 10.53347/rID-1574
49
A. A. Gavronska, Z. I. Korytko. FEATURES OF CHILDREN'S PHYSICAL THERAPY WITH LEGG-CALVE-PERTES DISEASE. Ukrainian Journal of Laboratory Medicine 2024; 2(1) doi: 10.62151/2786-9288.2.1.2024.07
50
Yong-bing Xiao, Wei Du, Pan-feng Wu, Li-ming Qing, Fang Yu, Ju-Yu Tang. Pedicled iliac bone flap grafting in the treatment of late presentation Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease. Frontiers in Surgery 2023; 10 doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2023.926109
51
Anna Matuszewska, Oliwer Sygacz, Łukasz Matuszewski, Szymon Stec, Andrzej Grzegorzewski, Jacek Gągała. Association between Polymorphism eNOS4, tPA, Factor V Leiden, Prothrombin, and Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase and the Occurrence of Legg–Calvé–Perthes Disease. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2023; 12(16) doi: 10.3390/jcm12165209
52
Zac Tsigaras, Carl Holder, Christopher Wall, Richard de Steiger. Total Hip Arthroplasty in Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease. JBJS Open Access 2026; 11(2) doi: 10.2106/JBJS.OA.26.00060
53
Hannah J Grimmett, Stephen E Martiny. Severe Radiographic Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease With Favorable Long-Term Functional Outcomes Following Conservative Management: A Case Report. Cureus 2026;  doi: 10.7759/cureus.102835
54
Emmanuel Spanoudakis, Alexander Aarvold, Farokh Wadia, Darius Rares Rad, Neil Segaren, Themistoklis Vampertzis. Legg-Calve-Perthes disease: an idiopathic avascular necrosis of the femoral head with an Eponym. A review through the higher exams candidate’s eyes. European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology 2026; 36(1) doi: 10.1007/s00590-026-04679-0
55
Blanca Lucía Cruz-Ortíz, Edgar Hernández-Zamora, Elba Reyes-Maldonado, Armando Odiseo Rodríguez-Olivas, Julieta Rubio-Lightbourn, Celeste O. Martínez-Ramírez, Clementina Castro-Hernández, Ruth Lezama-Palacios, Leonora Casas-Avila. Bone Remodeling and Bone Structural Genes in Legg–Calvé–Perthes Disease: The OPG rs2073618 and IL-6 rs1800795 Are Associated with High Risk in Mexican Patients. DNA and Cell Biology 2024; 43(6) doi: 10.1089/dna.2023.0411
56
Felipe Bortoloni Pires Correa, Leonor Garbin Savarese, Marcello Henrique Nogueira-Barbosa. Association of ligamentum teres thickness on MRI with femoral head extrusion in Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease. Skeletal Radiology 2026;  doi: 10.1007/s00256-026-05349-2
57
Alexey N. Kozhevnikov, Dmitry B. Barsukov, Pavel I. Bortulev, Sergey A. Braylov. Potential use of bisphosphonates in children with Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease with signs of osteoarthritis. Interim results from a single-center study. Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery 2024; 12(4) doi: 10.17816/PTORS636471
58
Bejan A. Alvandi, Steven R. Dayton, Matthew J. Hartwell, Erik B. Gerlach, Peter R. Swiatek, John J. Carney, Vehniah K. Tjong. Outcomes in Pediatric Hip FAI Surgery: a Scoping Review. Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine 2022; 15(5) doi: 10.1007/s12178-022-09771-6
59
KyeongMi Kim, Kyung Rae Ko, Siyoung Yoon, Jaiwoo Chung, Soonchul Lee. Network Analysis of Legg–Calve–Perthes Disease and Its Comorbidities. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2025; 14(1) doi: 10.3390/jcm14010259
60
Pavel I. Bortulev, Tamila V. Baskaeva, Makhmud S. Poznovich, Dmitry B. Barsukov, Ivan Yu. Pozdnikin, Arslan N. Rustamov. Femoral Head Reduction Osteotomy for the Treatment of Severe Femoral Head Deformities and Articular Incongruity in Children with Perthes Disease. Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia 2025; 31(1) doi: 10.17816/2311-2905-17645
61
Keisuke Nakagawa, Toshio Kitano. Increased psoas tendon running angle in patients with Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: a new theory for the aetiology of children with avascular femoral head necrosis. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics B 2022; 31(2) doi: 10.1097/BPB.0000000000000936
62
Wenbao Qin, Mingwei He, Hongsheng Qin, Qingjun Wei, Haiwei Yan. Global trends in the research on Legg–Calve–Perthes disease in Web of Science. Frontiers in Pediatrics 2024; 12 doi: 10.3389/fped.2024.1335118
63
Michelle A. Magagna, Shelley L. Beazley, Jesse W. Veenstra, Michelle A. Newell, Daniel J. Patrick. Society of Toxicologic Pathology Nonhuman Primate Special Interest Group: Idiopathic Femoral Head Chondrolysis in Nonclinical Research Macaques. Toxicologic Pathology 2022; 50(5) doi: 10.1177/01926233221082306
64
M Adeel Alam Shah, Wei Tang, Jing-Hui Zhang, Cheng Chen, Jia-Wei Wang, Shu-Jun Lü, Xin-Tong Yu, Zhi-Jun Zhang, Chan Li, Sheng-Bo Yu, Hong-Jin Sui. Microvasculature and trabecular bone in beagle proximal femur: Microstructural insights. Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger 2025; 258 doi: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152368
65
Alessia Caldaci, Gianluca Testa, Eleonora Dell’Agli, Marco Sapienza, Andrea Vescio, Ludovico Lucenti, Vito Pavone. Mid–Long-Term Outcomes of Surgical Treatment of Legg-Calvè-Perthes Disease: A Systematic Review. Children 2022; 9(8) doi: 10.3390/children9081121
66
Alexander C. Knobloch, Alexander R. Kim, Kara R.K. Babo, Sara J. McCall, Carlton J. Covey. Managing Pediatric Hip Pain Patients with Precision. Current Sports Medicine Reports 2024; 23(9) doi: 10.1249/JSR.0000000000001195
67
Walter Michael Strobl. Diagnostik und Therapie des Morbus Perthes. Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 2020; 168(4) doi: 10.1007/s00112-020-00872-5
68
Jorge Gómez-Chavarría, Jessica Anette Moreno-Ramírez. Evaluación de estudio cinemático de la marcha en pelvis y caderas de pacientes con diagnóstico de enfermedad de Legg-Calvé-Perthes en el Hospital Shriners para Niños México. Revista Mexicana de Ortopedia Pediátrica 2022; 24(1-3) doi: 10.35366/106977
69
Shubham Srivastava, Ajeet K Yadav, Rohit Shukla, Suresh Chand, Ajit Singh, Kanupriya Tiwari. Variability in Bracing Design and Bracing Protocols for the Non-Operative Management of Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease: A Scoping Systematic Review. Cureus 2026;  doi: 10.7759/cureus.115826