Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-13 in cancer: Signaling pathways and non-coding RNAs in tumor progression and therapeutic targeting

Table 1 Role of matrix metalloproteinase-13 as a biomarker in various disease conditions

Number	Disease condition	Biological source	MMP-13 expression	Role in disease	Global statistics	Ref.
1	OSCC	Saliva and serum samples	Upregulated	MMP-13 expression level in serum was associated with the invasion of OSCC	New cases in 2020: 377713	[55,56]
2	OSCC	Tumor tissues, tumor-adjacent tissues, and saliva	Upregulated	Promotes tumor progression and metastasis	New cases in 2020: 377713	[56,57]
3	ESCC	ESCC tissue and serum	Upregulated	Elevated MMP-13 expression in the serum was linked to tumor progression and reduced survival rates	New cases in 2020: 512500	[58,59]
4	GC	Serum	Upregulated	A combined identification of Ephrin A1 and MMP-13 was found to be potential biomarkers for the early detection of GC	New cases in 2022: 968000	[60,61]
5	GC	Tumor tissues and tumor-adjacent tissues	Upregulated	Associated with cancer progression, metastasis and invasion	New cases in 2022: 968000	[61,62]
6	Ovarian cancer	Ovarian cancer tissue	Upregulated	High levels of MMP-13 were associated with worse overall survival in patients with ovarian cancer	New cases in 2020: 313959	[63,64]
7	BC	Stromal fibroblast of invasive ductal carcinoma and benign epithelial breast lesions	Upregulated	MMP-13 played a critical role in the tumorigenesis of human BC, acting as a key modulator of tumor invasion and metastasis. It was also an independent predictor of poor prognosis	New cases in 2020: 2300000	[65,66]
8	BC in Egyptian women	Serum	Upregulated	Elevated MMP-13 Levels in the serum were linked to tumor growth, metastasis, and poor treatment response, particularly in TNBC cases	New cases in 2020: 2300000	[66,67]
9	Pan-cancer (BC, HNSCC, LAD, lung squamous cell carcinoma)	Cancer tissue, serum	Upregulated	MMP-13 was associated with tumor immune infiltration, EMT pathway activation, and poor prognosis	Not applicable	[68]

OSCC: Oral squamous cell carcinoma; MMP-13: Matrix metalloproteinase-13; ESCC: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; GC: Gastric cancer; BC: Breast cancer; HNSCC: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; TNBC: Triple negative breast cancer; LAD: Lung adenocarcinoma; EMT: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition.