Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
World J Clin Oncol. Oct 24, 2026; 17(10): 124285
Published online Oct 24, 2026. doi: 10.5306/wjco.124285
Published online Oct 24, 2026. doi: 10.5306/wjco.124285
Contrast-enhanced T2-fluid-attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging for radiotherapy target delineation in brain metastases: A narrative review
Yuan-Yuan Li, Zhi-Tao Dai, Yin Zhang, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen 518116, Guangdong Province, China
Hai-Ge Zhang, Yao-Tao Li, Ran Tang, An-Yan Gu, Yu Wu, Tai-Lun Huang, Xing-Ru Sun, Depart
Su-Yan Bi, Post-Doctoral Research Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Yuebei People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shaoguan 519001, Guangdong Province, China
Li-Xiang Yang, Department of Radiation Oncology, Philips Health Technology (China) Com
Co-corresponding authors: Yin Zhang and Xing-Ru Sun.
Author contributions: Zhang Y and Sun XR contribute equally to this study as co-corresponding authors; Li YY, Zhang Y and Sun XR were responsible for conceptualization, statistical analysis, original draft writing, manuscript review and editing; Dai ZT, Zhang HG, Tang R and Gu AY were responsible for data extraction, statistical analysis; Bi SY and Li YT were responsible for original draft writing and revising; Wu Y, Haung TL and Yang LX were responsible for manuscript review and editing; and all authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
AI contribution statement: No AI tools were used in this manuscript. All authors confirm the full originality of the content and take full responsibility for the work.
Supported by 2025 Annual Cooperation Fund of Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. E030125012.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare no relationships with any companies, whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article.
Corresponding author: Xing-Ru Sun, MD, Professor, Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Huizhou Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 1 Xuebei Avenue, Huicheng District, Huizhou 516001, Guangdong Province, China. 18843108845@163.com
Received: June 11, 2026
Revised: August 12, 2026
Accepted: October 8, 2026
Published online: October 24, 2026
Processing time: 134 Days and 0.5 Hours
Revised: August 12, 2026
Accepted: October 8, 2026
Published online: October 24, 2026
Processing time: 134 Days and 0.5 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: For brainmetastasis delineation, enhanced T2-fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (T2-FLAIR) sequence can significantly enhance the accuracy of target contouring in condition of low-dose gadolinium-based contrast agents. Simultaneously, in consideration of the heterogeneity inside the tumor enhanced T2-FLAIR sequence can help to provide a more personalized treatment.