Oral spore-based probiotic supplementation was associated with reduced incidence of post-prandial dietary endotoxin, triglycerides, and disease risk biomarkers

Table 1 Subject characteristics

Characteristic	Placebo(n = 13)	Probiotic(n = 15)
Age (yr)	21.8 ± 0.7	21.2 ± 0.5
Height (cm)	167.9 ± 3.2	170.8 ± 2.7
Body mass (kg)	74.2 ± 6.6	71.2 ± 3.1
Body mass index (kg/m2)	25.9 ± 1.5	24.3 ± 0.9
Body fat (%)	27.8 ± 4.1	25.2 ± 3.0
Fat mass (kg)	21.0 ± 4.3	17.3 ± 2.4
Lean mass (kg)	50.1 ± 3.8	50.0 ± 3.7
Bone mineral mass (kg)	2.9 ± 0.2	2.9 ± 0.1
Resting energy expenditure (kcal/d)	2243 ± 304	2071 ± 108

Values represent group mean ± SEM. No significant differences existed between groups with respect to subject characteristics.

Table 2 Meal composition

Component	Placebo (n = 13)	Probiotic (n = 15)
Total calories (kcal)	1630.4 ± 134.4	1644.7 ± 94.5
Total caloric needs (% of RMR)	72%	79%
Servings (#)	6.3 ± 0.5	6.4 ± 0.4
Fat (g)	88.8 ± 7.3	89.6 ± 5.1
Fat (kcal)	799.3 ± 6.6	806.4 ± 46.3
Saturated fat (g)	31.7 ± 2.6	32.0 ± 1.8
Trans fat (g)	0	0
Protein (g)	69.8 ± 5.8	70.4 ± 4.0
Carbohydrate (g)	145.9 ± 12.0	147.2 ± 8.5
Carbohydrate (kcal)	583.6 ± 48.1	588.8 ± 33.8
Cholesterol (mg)	152.3 ± 12.5	153.6 ± 8.8
Sodium (mg)	2911.9 ± 240.0	2937.4 ± 168.8

Values represent group mean ± SEM. No significant differences existed between groups with respect to meal composition.