Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. Jul 22, 2021; 12(4): 59-83
Published online Jul 22, 2021. doi: 10.4291/wjgp.v12.i4.59
Table 1 Cellular micro ribonucleic acids deregulated by human papillomavirus proteins
HPV protein
miRNA target
miRNA expression level
Sample type
Biological effect(s)
Ref.
E5miR-146a+E5-expressing HaCat cellsPromoted cell proliferation[106]
miR-203-E5-expressing HaCat cellsIncreased expression of p63[106]
miR-324-5p-E5-expressing HaCat cellsContributed to cervical carcinogenesis [106]
E6miR-20a+CaSki and SiHa (HPV16+) human cervical cell linesPromoted cell growth through downregulating PDCD6 and activating Akt and p38[156]
miR-20b+HeLa (HPV18+), SiHa and Caski human cervical cancer cell lines; Cervical carcinoma tissuesReduced TIMP2 expression and induced EMT, migration, and invasion[157]
miR-23b-SiHa and CaSki cell linesIncreased expression of uPA and induction of migration in human cervical cancer cells[158]
miR-30c-2*-HPV-infected NSCLC; TL1 cell lineCorrelated with tumor stage and lymph node metastasis [159]
miR-34a-CaSki and SiHa cell lines, HPV18-positive cell lines HeLa and C411, HPV68-positive cell line ME180Cervical cancer tissuesInhibited cell proliferation; Increased LDHA expression levels, inhibited Warburg effect and reprogrammed glycolysis through targeting LDHA[160,161]
miR-145-Hela, SiHa, and CaSki cell lines; Cervical cancer tissuesModulated invasion and therapy resistance of cervical cancer cells[162]
miR-195-HeLa and SiHa cell line cervical cancer tissue samplesPromoted cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis[163]
miR-218-HPV16 positive cervical cell lines and tissues; Cervical cancer tissuesIncreased expression of LAMB3, SFMFBT1, and DCUN1D1, promoted EMT, migration, and invasion in cervical cancer associated with clinicopathological characteristics of patients[164,165]
miR-375-SiHa and CaSki cell lines; Cervical tissue samplesModulated EMT in cervical cancer; Enhanced invasion and metastasis of cervical carcinoma cells through targeting SP1[166,167]
miR-2861-SiHa and CaSki cell lines; Cervical cancer tissuesEnhanced cell proliferation and invasion, and inhibited apoptosis in cervical cancer cells; Negatively associated with advanced tumor stage and lymph node metastasis[168]
E7miR-15b+HPV16 E7-expressing tumors from anal carcinoma patients; CaSki cell lineDownregulated cyclin E1; Increased expression of several E2F-regulated genes[111]
miR-20a+OSCC tissuesInhibited cell proliferation, invasion, and migration[169]
miR-21+HPV16 E7-transfected Hela cells; Cervical cancer tissueEnhanced cervical carcinoma cell proliferation, growth, and invasion; Involved in cervicitis and cervical cancer progression[170,171]
miR-25+HVK-derived raft tissues infected with either HPV16 or HPV18Increased expression correlated with the progression of the cervical lesions, making it a potential biomarker for CINs and cervical cancer[96]
miR-27b+HPV 16-positive human cervical carcinoma tissues; SiHa and CaSki cell linesReduced PLK2 expression; Promoted cell proliferation and inhibited paclitaxel-induced cell apoptosis; Inhibited PPARγ expression and promoted proliferation and invasion [172,173]
miR-205+HPV-positive keratinocytes Activated Akt pathway and upregulated cyclin D1 levels, resulting in increased proliferation[174]
miR-323+Cervical cancer cell lines transfected with HPV 16 E7 and SiHa cervical cancer cells---[175]
E6/E7miR-16+HFK-derived raft cultures with HPV16 infection; HVK-derived raft tissues infected with either HPV16 or HPV18; CIN3 and Cervical carcinoma tissues with HR HPV infection---[96]
miR-22-HVK-derived raft tissues infected with either HPV16 or HPV18Suppressed tumor growth and metastasis [96,176]
miR-24+HPV-positive keratinocytes Reduced p27 expression level and enhanced proliferation[174]
miR-29a-HVK-derived raft tissues infected with either HPV16 or HPV18---[96]
miR-92a+CIN and cervical carcinoma tissues with HR HPV infection, and raft tissues with HPV16 or HPV18 infectionIncreased expression correlated with the progression of the cervical lesions, and may serve as a biomarker for CINs and cervical cancer[96]
miR-100-HFK-derived raft cultures with HPV18 infection---[96]
miR-125a-Cervical carcinoma tissuesSiHa and HeLa cell linesIncreased STAT3 expression and enhanced tumorigenesis and metastasis[177]
miR-146a-5p-HPV16 E6/E7-positive keratinocytes; Hela, SiHa, and CaSki cell linesEnhanced expression of KDM2B; Promoted proliferation and migration [178]
miR-203-NHKs and NFKs expressing E6, E7, or combinationIncreased expression of p63 and promotion of cell proliferation[179,180]
miR-378+CIN3 and cervical carcinoma tissues with HR HPV infection, and raft tissues with HPV16 or HPV18 infection---[96]
Table 2 Cellular micro ribonucleic acids deregulated during human immunodeficiency virus infection
Sample type
miRNAs deregulated
Ref.      
PBMCs from HIV-infected patients↑ miR-9; ↓ miR-29c, miR-31, miR-125b, miR-146b-5p, miR-150, Let-7g[181]
T cells from HIV-infected individuals↓ miR-16, miR-146b, miR-150, miR-223[182]
HIV-1 infected PBMCs↑ miR-223; ↓ miR-21, miR-26a, miR-29a, miR-29b, miR-29c, miR-155[183]
HIV-1 infected PBMCs↑ miR-3195, miR-3656, miR-4492, and miR-6087; ↓ miR-1273h-3p, miR-1273h-5p, miR-671-5p, and miR-7-5p[118]
HIV-2-infected PBMCs↑ miR-18a-3p and hsa-miR-320b[118]
HIV-2-infected MDMs↑ miR-542-3p, miR-375, miR-195-5p, miR-30c-2-3p, miR-4802-3p, and miR-26b-5p[118]
HIV-1- and HIV-2-infected MDMs↓ miR-148b-5p, hsa-miR-26a-2-3p, miR-199a-1, miR-199a-2, and miR-874-5p [118]
HIV-1-transfected HeLa cells↓ miR-16, miR-93, miR-148b, miR-221[184]
HIV-1 infected Jurkat cells.↑ miR-122, miR-297, miR-370, and miR-373; ↓ miR-17-5p and miR-20a[185]
latently infected CD4+ T cells↑ miR-196b and miR-1290[186]
PBMCs obtained from HIV-1 positive individuals with high viral load↑ miR19b, miR-34a, miR-144, miR-146a, miR-155, miR-382, miR-615-3p[187]
Plasma obtained from patients with HIV infection ↓ miR-3162-3p[188]
HIV-1-infected HUT78 cells and CD4+ T cells from chronic HIV-1 infected individuals ↓ Let-7 miRs[189]
HIV-1 positive plasma samples in the acute stage infection↑ miR-16-5p, miR-20b-5p, miR-24-3p, miR-142-5p, miR-195-5p, miR-206, miR-223-3p, miR-885-5p, and let-7 g-3p; ↓ miR-34c-3p, miR-181c-3p, miR-202-3p, and miR-409-3p[190]
HIV-1 infected CD4+ T cells↓ miR-20a and miR-106b[191]
Table 3 Cellular micro ribonucleic acids deregulated by human Immunodeficiency virus proteins
HIV protein
miRNA target
Effect
Sample type
Biological effect
Ref.      
TatmiR-21, miR-29a, miR-222, miR-1290 +Tat101-expressing Jurkat cells; Resting PBMCs from healthy donors were transiently transfected with Tat101-expressing vectorTargeted mRNAs of genes involved in apoptosis, T cell migration, and proliferation[192]
miR-128a, and miR-3182-Tat101-expressing Jurkat cells---- [192]
miR-132+Tat-transfected astrocytes and neurons, astrocytes from Tat-transgenic mice, and HIV-infected astrocytesInvolved in the direct neurotoxicity of Tat[193]
miR-129, miR-135a, miR-181a, miR-495, miR-523, miR-524, miR-539, let-7-U-87MG (astrocyte cell line), HEK 293T, and HeLa cells transfected with wild-type TatDownregulation of β-catenin activity[194]
miR-101+BMVECs exposed to Tat CDecreased the expression of VE-cadherin[195]
miR-34a and miR-138+Astrocytoma cell line A172 and rat primary astrocytes exposed to TatUpregulated NF-κB and promoted activation of astrocytes[196]
NefmiR-573 and miR-638+Human monocytic U937 cells that stably expressed HIV-1 NefAltered several pathways involved in HIV pathogenesis [197]
miR16-1, miR-18, miR-19a, miR-20a, miR-21, miR-27a, miR-29b, miR-125b, miR-146a, miR-146b-3p, miR-181a, miR-223, miR-570, miR-610 and miR-624-Human monocytic U937 cells that stably expressed HIV-1 NefAltered several pathways involved in HIV pathogenesis[197]
miR-17, miR-19a, miR-19b, miR-20a, miR26a, miR-28, miR-29a, miR-29b, miR-29c, miR-92a, miR-125b, miR-149, miR-150, miR-223, miR-324-5p, miR-378 and miR-382 +Nef exosomes Inhibited HIV replication[197]
VprmiR-942-5p+PEL cellsTargeted IκBα and activation of NF-κB signalling[198]
miR-711+PEL cellsDirectly targeted Notch1 and reduced levels of IκBα transcript[198]