Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2017.
World J Radiol. Mar 28, 2017; 9(3): 112-125
Published online Mar 28, 2017. doi: 10.4329/wjr.v9.i3.112
Table 1 Summary of polymer gel dosimeter
Dosimeter nameTypeBaseMonomerCrosslinkerCatalyzer/stabilizerScavenger/antioxidantKey investigatorCountryRef.
BANANAPAGAgaroseAcrylamideBISNitrous oxideMaryanskiUnited States[58]
BANGPAGGelatinAcrylamideBISAmmonium-persulphate, TEMEDMaryanskiUnited States[59,60]
BANG-2PAGGelatinMAABISSodium HydroxideAAMaryanskiUnited States[42]
BANG-3MAGGelatinMAACuSO4-5H2OAAMaryanskiUnited States[61]
MAGICMAGGelatinMAACuSO4-5H2O, HydroquinoneAAGoreUnited States[5]
MAGATMAGGelatinMAATHPCBaldockAustralia[62]
nPAGPAGGelatinAcrylamideBISTHPSDe DeeneBelgium[63]
nMAGMAGGelatinMAATHPSDe DeeneBelgium[63]
nMAGMAGGelatinMAATHPCebergSweden[64]
MAGIC-fMAGGelatinMAAFormaldehydeCuSO4-5H2OAABaffaBrazil[65]
HEAGelatinHEABISBaldockAustralia[66]
VIPARGelatinVIPARBISPappasGreece[67]
NIPAMGelatinNIPAMBISTHPCSchreinerCanada[68]
Genipin gelMAGGelatinMAA, genipinSulfuric acidJordanCanada[69]
LCV micelle radiochromic gelGelatinLCV, surfactant-Triton, TCAAFormaldehydeJordanCanada[70]
PAGPAGGelatinAcrylamideBISNaITHPCElleaumeFrance[71]
nMAGnMAGAgarose, GelatinMAATHPCYoshiokaJapan[72]
nMAGnMAGGelatinHEMA, TGMEMA, 9GTHPCHirokiJapan[73]
Radiochromic gelRGDGelatinSDS, Chloroform, TCAALMG dyeDe DeeneAustralia[10]
Table 2 Summary of ferrous gel dosimeter
DosimeterTypeBaseMonomerKey investigatorCountryRef.
FrickeFluidNoneAmmonium ferrous sulfateGoreUnited States[11]
FeMRIFGDAgaroseSeaplaque, seagelOlssonSweden[74]
PVA-FXFGDHydrogelPVA, FBXChuCanada[75]
FAXFGDAgaroseXO, ferrousLeongMalaysia[76]
FXFGDGelatinFerrous ammonium sulfate, XO, sulfuric acidJordanCanada[70]
PVA cryogelFGDHydrogelFBX, PVA, dimethyl sulfoxideEyadehCanada[77]
XO-PVAFGDHydrogelPVA, XO, ferrous sulfate, sulfuric acidTrappAustralia[78]
NC-FGFGDGelatinNano-clay, ammonium iron (II) sulfate, Perchloric acidMaeyamaJapan[41]
Table 3 Summary of solid plastic dosimeter
DosimeterTypeABInitiatorDyeKey investigatorCountryRef.
SPDSPDDiacetyleneEthyl trichloroacetate, heptachloropropane, etc.Radiochromic (fuschin cyanide, etc.)Leuco crystal violet, or LMGPatelUnited States[79]
PRESAGESPDPolyol_A, diasocyanatePolyol_BCarbon tetrachloride, methylene chloride, tetra-chloroethane, ChloroformLMGAdamovicsUnited States[6]
PRESAGESPDCrystal clear ACrystal clear BCarbon tetrachlorideLMGHashemiIran[80]
PRESAGESPDCrystal clear ACrystal clear BChloroform, bromoform, or iodoformLMGGesoAustralia[81]
PRESAGESPDCrystal clear ACrystal clear BBromoformLMGWatanabeUnited States[14]
Table 4 Water equivalency of three-dimensional dosimeters
DosimeterTypeRelative effective atomic numberRelative mass densityRelative electron density
PAGATPGD1.01311.02640.9284
MAGATPGD1.0141, 0.98431.03230.9933
nMAGPGD1.0181
MAGICPGD1.0181, 0.98731.03730.9903
Genipin gelPGD1.01421.00120.99822
PRESAGE-ASPD1.03721.05420.9772
Water1.00 (Zeff = 7.42)1.0001.0 (3.343 × 1023 Electrons/g)
Table 5 Comparison of dose quantification techniques
MethodProsCons
MRICommonly available at a hospital Easily accessible scan protocol Known accuracy and precision Linear dose responseLow SNR Image artifacts Limited spatial resolution Long scan time
OCTHigh spatial resolution Small physical size or compact Easy and free access if ownedOptical artifacts Needs refractive index matching
XCTEasy access at hospital High SNR Very fast scanLow image contrast
Table 6 Precision (or uncertainty) of three-dimensional dosimetry[22]
Uncertainty typeSourceFactorPGDFGDSPD
APhysicochemicalChemical composition< 2%< 2%
Temperature variation
Temporal and spatial integrity
IrradiationDose rate
Energy
Temperature2%
Phantom position setup1 mm
MRIImage noise< 0.4% (3 mm3)
OCTImage noise
XCTThe standard deviation of CT number2% to 8%
BMRIB0 non-uniformity< 3%
B1 non-uniformity
Gradient non-uniformity
Temperature during scanning
MediumNon-uniform refractive index
OCTRefractive index matching
Unstable light source
Ambient stray light
Desynchronization between galvanic mirror and detector
Misalignment of light, subject, and detector
XCTImage processing5%
Calibration equation
Table 7 IMRT/VMAT/tomotherapy three-dimensional dosimetry
Ref.DosimeterRead-out methodTreatment siteDelivery typePhoton energy/number of fieldsComparison on the plane or in volumeGamma index criteria % dose difference (global/local)/DTA (mm)/threshold (%)Gamma index passing rate
[86]MAGICMRI/T2ModelIMRT/GKSRS6MV/Co-60Volume3/3/50.3%
[87]FX gelOCT/VistaHead and NeckIMRT6MVVolume3/3/none84.1%
[88]BANG3MRI/T2ProstateTomotherapy6MV/ArcVolume3/353%
[89]PRESAGEDLOSBrainIMRT6MVVolume3/395%
[90]MAGIC-fMRI/T2ProstateTomotherapy6MV/ArcPlane3/388.4%
[91]nPAGOCTOPUS-IQProstateIMRT/7fieldsVolume95.3%
[10]PAGATMRI/T2PituitaryIMRT6MV/7fieldsVolume2/299.4%
[33]BANG3MRI/T2ProstateVMAT (Elekta)6MV/ArcVolume3 (global)/3/2595.7%
[92]BANG3MRI/T2ProstateVMAT (Varian)6MV/ArcVolume3 (global)/3/5090.0%
[93]PRESAGEDMOSBrainIMRT6MV/5fieldsVolume3 (global)/3/1099.4%
[94]NIPAMMRI/T2EyeIMRT6MV/5fieldsPlane3/3/98.5%