Assessment of gray matter heterotopia by magnetic resonance imaging

Table 1 Data of 12 patients with subependymal heterotopia

Patient/sex/age (yr)	Seizure type	Developmental milestones	Neurological examination	EEG findings	MRI characteristics of heterotopia
1/F/8	Simple partial motor	Normal	Normal	Focal spikes	Unilateral nodule affecting frontal horn of right lateral ventricle
2/F/15	Complex partial	Delayed speech	Mild spasticity	Focal spikes	Bilateral nodules affecting both trigones
3/F/22	Tonic-clonic	Delayed walking	Spasticity	General spike-wave	Bilateral nodules affecting body of both lateral ventricles
4/F/14	Mixed	Learning disability	Hyperactivity, spasticity	General slow wave	Bilateral nodules affecting body of right lateral ventricle
5/M/12	Complex partial	Delayed speech	Spasticity	Focal spikes	Unilateral coalescent nodules affecting frontal horn of left lateral ventricle
6/F/10	Simple partial motor	Normal	Normal	Focal spikes	Bilateral nodules affecting trigone and occipital horns
7/M/39	Complex partial	Delayed walking	Hyperactive stretch reflexes	Focal spikes	Bilateral nodules affecting trigone and occipital horns
8/F/26	Simple partial motor	Normal	Ataxia	Focal spikes	Unilateral nodules affecting trigone of right lateral ventricle, Dandy Walker cyst
9/F/18	Simple partial motor	Normal	Spasticity	Focal spikes	Unilateral nodules affecting body of left lateral ventricle
10/M/13	Tonic-clonic	Delayed speech	Normal	General slow wave	Bilateral nodules affecting body of both lateral ventricles
11/F/28	Clonic	Learning disability	Hyperactivity	Slow wave	Bilateral nodules affecting trigone and occipital horns and ventricular dilatation
12/M/10	Tonic-clonic	Normal	Normal	General spike-wave	Bilateral nodules affecting trigone and occipital horns

M: Male; F: Female; EEG: Electroencephalography; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging.

Table 2 Data of 5 patients with subcortical heterotopia

Patient/sex/age (yr)	Seizure type	Developmental milestones	Neurological examination	EEG findings	MRI characteristics of heterotopia
1/M/27	Complex partial	Delayed motor	Left hemiparesis	Focal spikes, slow wave	Large, nodular mass at right fronto-parietal lobes, extends across midline and ACC
2/F/15	Mixed	Delayed walking	spasticity	Focal spikes, slow waves	Small, multiple nodular, right frontal and parietal lobes
3/F/9	General tonic-clonic	Delayed speech and motor	Right hemipariesis	Spike-wave	Small, multiple, nodular, left parietal and ACC
4/F/7	General tonic-clonic	Delayed speech and motor	Attention deficit, hyperactivity, bilateral spasticity	General spike-wave	Bilateral curvilinear
5/M/1	Mixed	Delayed walking	Hyperactive reflexes	General slow wave	Mixed nodular and curvilinear and distorted ventricles

M: Male; F: Female; EEG: Electroencephalography; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; ACC: Anterior corpus callosum.

Table 3 Data of 3 patients with band heterotopia

Patient/ sex/age	Seizure type	Developmental milestones	Neurological examination	EEG findings	MRI characteristics of heterotopia
1/F/13 yr	Mixed	Delayed speech, motor	Nystagmus, dysartheria, spasticity	Generalized spike-wave	Bilateral diffuse thick bands at fronto-parietal lobes and pachygyria
2/F/4 yr	Tonic-clonic, myoclonic	Delayed motor	Microcephaly, bilateral spasticity	Generalized slow waves, polyphasic waves	Bilateral diffuse thick bands at both occipital lobes and pachygyria
3/F/9 mo	Infantile spasms	Delayed speech, motor	Spasticity, hyperactive reflexes	hypsarrhythmia	Bilateral diffuse thick bands at both fronto-parietal lobes and lissencephaly

M: Male; F: Female; EEG: Electroencephalography; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging.