Pathophysiology of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: A review of experimental data

Table 1 General characteristics of currently marketed gadolinium chelates used for magnetic resonance imaging[6]

Name	Acronym	Gd-DTPA	Gd-EOB-DTPA	Gd-BOPTA	MS325	Gd-DTPA-BMA	Gd-DTPA-BMEA	Gd-HP-DO3A	Gd-BT-DO3A	Gd-DOTA
	Generic name	Gadopentetate dimeglumine	Gadoxetic acid, disodium salt	Gadobenate dimeglumine	Gadofosveset, trisodium salt	Gadodiamide	Gadoversetamide	Gadoteridol	Gadobutrol	Gadoterate meglumine
	Trade name	Magnevistâ	Primovist®	MultiHanceâ	Vasovist®	Omniscanâ	OptiMARKâ	ProHanceâ	Gadovistâ	Dotaremâ
Company		Bayer-Schering	Bayer-Schering	Bracco	EPIX	GE-Healthcare	Mallinckrodt	Bracco	Bayer-Schering	Guerbet
Chemical structure		Open-chain	Open-chain	Open-chain	Open-chain	Open-chain	Open-chain	Macrocyclic	Macrocyclic	Macrocyclic
Charge		Ionic	Ionic	Ionic	Ionic	Nonionic	Nonionic	Nonionic	Nonionic	Ionic
Concentration (M)		0.5	0.25	0.5	0.25	0.5	0.5	0.5	1	0.5
Osmolality at 37°C (mOsm/kg H2O)		1960	688	1970	825	789	1110	630	1603	1350
Viscosity (mPa.s) at 37°C		2.9	1.19	5.3	2.06	1.4	2	1.3	4.96	2
Formulation		Free DTPA (1 mmol/L)	Ca-EOB-DTPA (trisodium salt) (1.5 mmol/L)	No formulation	Fosveset (0.325 mmol/L)	Ca-DTPA-BMA (caldiamide) (Na+ salt) (25 mmol/L)	Ca-DTPA-BMEA (Na+ salt) (50 mmol/L)	[Ca-HP-DO3A]2 (Ca2+ salt) (0.5 mmol/L)	Ca-BT-DO3A (Na+ salt) (1.0 mmol/L)	No formulation
Hydrophilicity (log P Butanol/water)		-3.16	-2.11	-2.33	-2.11	-2.13	N/A	-1.98	-2	-2.87
log Ktherm		22.1	23.5	22.6	22.06	16.9	16.6	23.8	21.8	25.6
log Kcond		17.7	18.7	18.4	18.9	14.9	15	17.1	14.7	19.3
Kinetic Stabilitya		Low	Medium	Medium	Medium	Low	Low	High	High	High

^aLow: long-time index < 0.3, Medium: Long-time index 0.49 to 0.86; High: Long-time index > 0.95. N/A: Not available.

Table 2 Dissociation half life (T_1/2) of gadolinium contrast agent under the same laboratory conditions[6]

Gd-CA	T1/2, pH 1.2	T1/2, pH 1	T1/2, pH 1	T1/2, pH 1 (Temp 250)
Temperature (°C)	370	370	250
Dotaremâ (Guerbet, France)	85 h	23 h	338 h	338 h
Gadovistâ (Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Germany)	18 h	7 h	43 h	43 h
ProHanceâ (Bracco, Italy)	4 h	1.6 h	3.9 h	3.9 h
All linear chelates	ND	ND	< 5 s	< 5 s

Gd-CA: Gadolinium contrast agent.