Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in cancer: Reported apparent diffusion coefficients, in-vitro and in-vivo reproducibility

Table 6 Estimates of apparent diffusion coefficient values reported in human prostate using a mono-exponential fit

Ref.	System	Field strength (T)	Sequence	TR/TE (ms/ms)	No. of patients/mean age (SD)	b-values (s/mm2)	Mean ADC (SD) (× 10-3 mm2/s)
1Gibbs et al[77], 2001	GE	1.5	SS SE EPI	4000/110	8/29	0, 720	CG: 1.17 (0.18)
							PZ: 1.25 (0.23)
Issa[169], 2002	GE	1.5	SS SE EPI	4000/120	7/29	64, 144, 257, 401, 578, 786	CG: 1.63 (0.30) PZ: 1.91 (0.46)
Sato et al[79], 2005	Siemens Symphony	1.5	SS SE EPI	2700/96	6	0, 300, 600	CG: 1.68 (0.26) PZ: 1.93 (0.24)
Pickles et al[170], 2006	GE Signa	3.0	SS SE EPI	4000/65.7	9/32	0, 500	CG: 1.27 (0.14)
							PZ: 1.60 (0.25)
Kumar et al[78], 2006	Siemens Avanto	1.5	SS SE EPI	3000/96	7/31.4 (3.6)	0, 250, 500, 750, 1000	CG: 0.9 (0.1) PZ: 1.5 (0.2)
Gibbs et al[171], 2007	GE Excite	3.0	SS SE EPI	4000/65.7	8/35	0, 500	CG: 1.212, 1.263
							PZ: 1.562, 1.633
Ren et al[172], 2008	Philips Intera	1.5	SS SE EPI	3000/63	16/37.9	0, 500	CG: 1.352 (0.052)
							PZ: 1.829 (0.071)
Kozlowski et al[76], 2008	GE Signa	1.5	(1) SS FSE	(1) 8000/87.5	(1) 14	0, 600	(1) CG: 1.373 (0.179)
			(2) SS EPI	(2) 8000/87.5	(2) 15		PZ: 1.573 (0.270)
							(2) CG: 1.518 (0.126)
							PZ: 1.992 (0.208)
Tamada et al[173], 2008	GE Signa	1.5	SS SE EPI	5500/67.7	114/55 (1) 20 ≤ age ≤ 39 (n = 11) (2) 40 ≤ age ≤ 59 (n = 62) (3) 60 ≤ age ≤ 89 (n = 41)	0, 1000	(1) CG: 1.22 (0.10) PZ: 1.37 (0.18) (2) CG: 1.27 (0.12) PZ: 1.63 (0.26) (3) CG: 1.27 (0.12) PZ: 1.74 (0.25)
Riches et al[27], 2009	Philips Intera	1.5	SS SE EPI	2500/69	50/66 (6)	0, 800	CG: 1.72 (0.35)
							PZ: 1.66 (0.34)
Liu et al[174], 2013	GE Signa	3.0	SS SE EPI	4000/71.9	102	0, 1000	n = 69,
							CG: 1.36 (0.12)
							n = 74,
							PZ: 1.69 (0.28)
Emad-Eldin et al[74], 2014	Philips Intera	1.5	SS SE EPI	3600/110	12	0, 500, 800	CG: 1.469 (0.239)
							PZ: 1.839 (0.233)
4Peng et al[175], 2014	Philips Achieva	1.5	SS SE EPI, FB	(1) (2948-8191)/(71-79) (2) (3854-8616)/(83-85)	(1) 26/61.1 (7.2) (2) 25/62.0 (6.4)	(1) 0, 1000 (2) 0, 50, 200, 1500, 2000	PZ: (1) 1.75 (0.3) E (2) 1.33 (0.1) E

Some studies were carried out with more b-values than specified in the following table to compute intravoxel incoherent motion-specific parameters.

¹In this study 6 more b-values within the range were used;

²Mean ADC over a short-term period of a few minutes between first scan and second scan;

³Mean ADC over a medium-term of a month between first scan and second scan;

⁴These authors reported the median values. ADC: Apparent diffusion coefficient; F: Female; M: Male; NR: Not reported; SS: Single shot; SE: Spin echo; EPI: Echo planar imaging; FSE: Fast spin echo; RF: Radiofrequency; RT: Respiratory triggered; NC: Navigator controlled; FB: Free breathing; BH: Breathhold; BHI: Breathhold end inspiratory; BHE: Breathhold end expiratory; SPIR: Spectral pre-saturation with inversion recovery; PZ: Peripheral zone; CG: Central gland; n: Number of patients; E: Estimate from the chart.