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Adiponectin and basic fibroblast growth factor predict coronary collateral development in chronic total occlusion
Azhari Gani, Muhammad Diah, Muwardi, Heriadi, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Aceh, Indonesia
Muhammad Riswan, Hematology and Oncology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Aceh, Indonesia
Author contributions: Gani A and Diah M developed the methodology and supervised the study; Gani A, Diah M and Riswan M revised the manuscript; Gani A conceived the study and interpreted the data; Diah M performed the statistical analysis; Muwardi and Heriadi performed the study; Heriadi conducted the laboratory analyses, curated the data, and prepared the original draft; Muwardi recruited the patients and collected the clinical data; Riswan M validated the results, interpreted the clinical data, and prepared the figures. The authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
AI contribution statement: The only AI tool used was ChatGPT (OpenAI) to help with English-language editing, sentence refinement, and improving manuscript readability. The study hypothesis was not generated by an AI tool. The methodology was not designed by an AI tool. The data analysis was not carried out by an AI tool. The study results were not interpreted by an AI tool. The scientific conclusions were not formulated by an AI tool. The authors are solely responsible for the intellectual content, critical interpretation, and final approval of the manuscript, as well as for its accuracy and integrity.
Institutional review board statement: The study protocol was approved by the Health Research Ethics Committee of RSUD Dr. Zainoel Abidin, Banda Aceh, Indonesia (approval No. 034/ETIK-RSUDZA/2025). All procedures performed in studies including human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki and the CIOMS guidelines 2016.
Informed consent statement: All study participants, or their legal guardian, provided informed written consent prior to study enrollment.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
STROBE statement: The authors have read the STROBE Statement-checklist of items, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the STROBE Statement-checklist of items.
Data sharing statement: Data supporting the results of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Data containing personally identifiable information are not publicly available due to institutional privacy and ethics regulations.
Corresponding author: Azhari Gani, Associate Professor, Lecturer, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Darussalam, Banda Aceh 23111, Aceh, Indonesia. azharigani@usk.ac.id
Received: June 29, 2026
Revised: August 4, 2026
Accepted: September 22, 2026
Published online: September 26, 2026
Processing time: 94 Days and 20.7 Hours
Revised: August 4, 2026
Accepted: September 22, 2026
Published online: September 26, 2026
Processing time: 94 Days and 20.7 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: Coronary collateral development is an important adaptive response in chronic total occlusion. This study shows that serum adiponectin is independently associated with well-developed coronary collateral circulation, while circulating basic fibroblast growth factor has limited predictive value. The results show that adiponectin serves as a useful clinical biomarker and risk stratification for collateral assessment and ischemia, respectively. It also shows the complementary roles of metabolic and angiogenic pathways in adaptive coronary vascular remodeling.