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Publication Name
World Journal of Cardiology
ISSN
1949-8462
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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
World J Cardiol. Nov 26, 2026; 18(11): 125622
Published online Nov 26, 2026. doi: 10.4330/wjc.125622
Pacing in adults with complex congenital heart disease: A narrative minireview
Vasileios Papaioannou, Julia Jones, Fahmi Faraz, David Mayhew, Archana Rao, Matthew Kahn, Sarah Moharem-Elgamal, Reza Ashrafi
Vasileios Papaioannou, Julia Jones, Sarah Moharem-Elgamal, Reza Ashrafi, ACHD, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool L14 3PE, United Kingdom
Fahmi Faraz, David Mayhew, Anaesthesia, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool L14 3PE, United Kingdom
Archana Rao, Matthew Kahn, Heart Rhythm, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool L14 3PE, United Kingdom
Author contributions: Papaioannou V and Ashrafi R designed the article; Jones J, Moharem-Elgamal S, Mayhew D, Faraz F and Ashrafi R analyzed the data; Papaioannou V, Jones J, Faraz F, Mayhew D, Rao A, Kahn M, Moharem-Elgamal S, Ashrafi R wrote the paper.
AI contribution statement: Paperpal was used to check for grammatical errors only once the paper was finished.
Conflict-of-interest statement: No conflicts of interest to declare.
Corresponding author: Reza Ashrafi, Consultant, DM, MRCP, ACHD, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Thomas Drive, Liverpool L14 3PE, United Kingdom. reza.ashrafi@lhch.nhs.uk
Received: July 14, 2026
Revised: September 6, 2026
Accepted: November 2, 2026
Published online: November 26, 2026
Processing time: 127 Days and 14.3 Hours
Core Tip

Core Tip: Newer technologies and techniques exist, such as leadless pacing and conduction system pacing, which can be used even in the most complex congenital heart disease cohorts to address needs where traditional techniques such as epicardial pacing are not possible. Long-term data is required to determine whether these techniques will translate into superior outcomes in the years ahead.
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