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©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
Sex and racial disparities in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-related cardiovascular events: National inpatient sample analysis (2019)
Rupak Desai, Ali Tariq Alvi, Advait Vasavada, Yashwitha Sai Pulakurthi, Bhavin Patel, Adil Sarvar Mohammed, Shreyans Doshi, Ikechukwu Ogbu
Rupak Desai, Independent Researcher, Atlanta, GA 30079, United States
Ali Tariq Alvi, Department of Internal Medicine, HCA Florida Westside Hospital, Plantation, FL 33324, United States
Advait Vasavada, Department of Internal Medicine, M.P. Shah Medical Coll, Jamnagar 361008, India
Yashwitha Sai Pulakurthi, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Michael Medical Center, Newark, NJ 07102, United States
Bhavin Patel, Department of Internal Medicine, Trinity Health Oakland Hospital, Pontiac, MI 48341, United States
Adil Sarvar Mohammed, Department of Internal Medicine, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Saginaw, MI 48602, United States
Shreyans Doshi, Department of Internal Medicine, UCF College of Medicine HCA GME Consortium, Gainesville, FL 32605, United States
Ikechukwu Ogbu, Department of Internal Medicine, Mountainview Hospital, Las Vegas, NV 89108, United States
Co-first authors: Rupak Desai and Ali Tariq Alvi.
Author contributions: Desai R designed the methodology and performed analysis; Desai R, Alvi AT, Vasavada A, Pulkurthi YS, Patel BA, Mohammed AS, Doshi S and Ogbu I were involved with data curation, visualization, and interpretation; Alvi AT, Pulkurthi YS, Patel BA, Vasavada A, and Mohammed AS were involved with writing of manuscript; Desai R, Alvi AT, Doshi S and Ogbu I performed reviewing and final editing; all authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript; Desai R and Alvi AT are designated co-first authors, with Desai R contributing substantially to conceptualization, methodology, and editorial work, and Alvi AT to data curation, visualization, interpretation, and writing.
Institutional review board statement: Since the data included in this review were deidentified and already available in the publicly accessible databases, the IRB review was not mandatory. This review was in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Data sharing statement: No additional data are available.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See:
https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Corresponding author: Ikechukwu Ogbu, MD, Doctor, Department of Internal Medicine, Mountainview Hospital, 2880 N Tenaya Way, Las Vegas, NV 89108, United States. iogbu832267@gmail.com
Received: December 10, 2023
Peer-review started: December 10, 2023
First decision: December 29, 2023
Revised: January 15, 2024
Accepted: February 18, 2024
Article in press: February 18, 2024
Published online: March 26, 2024
ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
Research background
This study delves into the impact of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) on cardiovascular disease risk, focusing on the underexplored variances in cardiovascular outcomes across different sexes and races within a large, nationally representative United States inpatient sample.
Research motivation
The motivation for this research was to elucidate the relationship between NAFLD and major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), particularly investigating the sex and racial disparities, to inform future healthcare strategies and interventions.
Research objectives
The objective was to examine the association of NAFLD with MACCE across various subgroups by age, sex, and race, aiming to highlight specific population needs and guiding tailored healthcare approaches.
Research methods
The study utilized a thorough analysis of the National Inpatient Sample, with multivariable regression models adjusted for sociodemographic and clinical factors, to compare MACCE-related outcomes in patients with NAFLD.
Research results
It found that NAFLD prevalence varies by sex and race, with adverse MACCE outcomes more common in older age groups and males, and higher all-cause mortality observed in Native Americans and Asian Pacific Islanders.
Research conclusions
The study revealed critical links between NAFLD, MACCE, age, and sex, as well as significant racial disparities in mortality rates, underscoring the necessity for customized care to improve health outcomes.
Research perspectives
This research paves the way for future studies focused on individualized patient care and highlights the importance of considering demographic variables in medical research and healthcare provision.
