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©The Author(s) 2023. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
Effects of time-restricted eating with different eating duration on anthropometrics and cardiometabolic health: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Mazuin Kamarul Zaman, Nur Islami Mohd Fahmi Teng, Sazzli Shahlan Kasim, Norsham Juliana, Mohammed Abdullah Alshawsh
Mazuin Kamarul Zaman, Nur Islami Mohd Fahmi Teng, Centre of Dietetics Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor, Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia
Sazzli Shahlan Kasim, Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital Universiti Teknologi MARA (HUiTM), Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia
Norsham Juliana, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
Mohammed Abdullah Alshawsh, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
Mohammed Abdullah Alshawsh, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia
Author contributions: Zaman MK, Teng NIMF, Juliana N, and Kasim SS contributed to the conceptualization of the study, systematic search, and studies selection; Zaman MK and Teng NIMF performed data extraction and risk of bias assessments; data analysis, synthesis, and interpretation were conducted by Zaman MK, and Alshawsh MA; Zaman MK drafted the manuscript; All authors contributed to the manuscript revision and approved the final manuscript.
Supported by Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) from the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia, No. FRGS/1/2021/SKK06/UITM/03/3.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
PRISMA 2009 Checklist statement: The authors have read the PRISMA 2009 Checklist, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the PRISMA 2009 Checklist.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See:
https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Corresponding author: Nur Islami Mohd Fahmi Teng, PhD, Associate Professor, Centre of Dietetics Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor, FSK 6, Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia. nurislami@uitm.edu.my
Received: May 18, 2023
Peer-review started: May 18, 2023
First decision: June 1, 2023
Revised: June 20, 2023
Accepted: July 3, 2023
Article in press: July 3, 2023
Published online: July 26, 2023
BACKGROUND
Time-restricted eating (TRE) is a dietary approach that limits eating to a set number of hours per day. Human studies on the effects of TRE intervention on cardiometabolic health have been contradictory. Heterogeneity in subjects and TRE interventions have led to inconsistency in results. Furthermore, the impact of the duration of eating/fasting in the TRE approach has yet to be fully explored.
AIM
To analyze the existing literature on the effects of TRE with different eating durations on anthropometrics and cardiometabolic health markers in adults with excessive weight and obesity-related metabolic diseases.
METHODS
We reviewed a series of prominent scientific databases, including Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Academic Search Complete, and Cochrane Library articles to identify published clinical trials on daily TRE in adults with excessive weight and obesity-related metabolic diseases. Randomized controlled trials were assessed for methodological rigor and risk of bias using version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB-2). Outcomes of interest include body weight, waist circumference, fat mass, lean body mass, fasting glucose, insulin, HbA1c, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profiles, C-reactive protein, blood pressure, and heart rate.
RESULTS
Fifteen studies were included in our systematic review. TRE significantly reduces body weight, waist circumference, fat mass, lean body mass, blood glucose, insulin, and triglyceride. However, no significant changes were observed in HbA1c, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Furthermore, subgroup analyses based on the duration of the eating window revealed significant variation in the effects of TRE intervention depending on the length of the eating window.
CONCLUSION
TRE is a promising chrononutrition-based dietary approach for improving anthropometric and cardiometabolic health. However, further clinical trials are needed to determine the optimal eating duration in TRE intervention for cardiovascular disease prevention.
Core Tip: Beneficial effects of time-restricted eating (TRE) on adults with excessive weight and obesity-related metabolic diseases remain under investigation, and results are conflicting. We explored the effectiveness of TRE on anthropometric and cardiometabolic health in adults with excessive weight and obesity-related metabolic diseases. We found that TRE is an effective and sustainable dietary strategy for reducing body weight, body composition, blood glucose, insulin, and triglyceride in individuals with excessive weight or weight-related metabolic disorders. Moreover, the meta-analysis demonstrates the varying effects of fasting duration on the outcomes of interest.
