Dual function of transforming growth factor beta 2 in the progression of gastric carcinoma

Table 1 Transforming growth factor beta 2 expression in relation to various pathologic parameters

Parameters	Cancer cell			CAF			Cancer cell and CAF
	Low (n = 317)	High (n = 201)	P value	Low (n = 238)	High (n = 280)	P value	High on cancer cell and low on CAF (n = 70)	The others (n = 448)	P value
Gender
Male (n = 358)	218	140	-	154	204	-	43	315	-
Female (n = 160)	99	61	0.909	84	76	0.0567	27	133	0.175
Pathology
Tubular adenocarcinoma (n = 243)	137	106	-	113	130	-	38	205	-
Poorly differentiated or signet-ring cell (n = 240)	157	83	0.105	110	130	0.72	28	212	0.38
TMN
T1 (n = 161)	114	47	-	67	94	-	16	145	-
T2 (n = 87)	51	36	-	36	51	-	12	75	-
T3 (n = 126)	76	50	-	67	59	-	21	105	-
T4 (n = 144)	76	68	-	68	76	-	21	123	-
T1, T2, T3 (n = 374)	241	133	-	170	204	-	49	325	-
T4 (n = 144)	76	68	0.0193	68	76	0.792	21	123	0.765
N0 (n = 248)	160	88	-	98	150	-	27	221	-
N1 (n = 91)	52	39	-	50	41	-	18	73	-
N2 (n = 72)	41	31	-	32	40	-	9	63	-
N3 (n = 104)	62	42	-	56	48	-	16	88	-
N0 (n = 248)	160	88	-	98	150	-	27	221	-
N1, N2, N3 (n = 267)	155	112	0.317	138	129	0.0167	43	224	0.177
M0 (n = 465)	286	179	-	206	259	-	61	404	-
M1 (n = 53)	31	22	0.781	32	21	0.0376	9	44	0.57
Pathological findings of the primary tumor
Infiltration
A (n = 26)	18	8	-	20	6	-	6	20	-
B (n = 354)	212	142	-	154	200	-	48	306	-
C (n = 115)	72	43	-	56	59	-	14	101	-
A, b (n = 380)	230	150	-	174	206	-	54	326	-
C (n = 115)	72	43	0.85	56	59	0.47	14	101	0.673
Lymphatic invasion
0 (n = 201)	136	65	-	87	114	-	25	176	-
1 (n = 153)	93	60	-	68	85	-	19	134	-
2 (n = 108)	56	52	-	55	53	-	18	90	-
3 (n = 54)	31	23	-	27	27	-	8	46	-
0 (n = 201)	136	65	-	87	114	-	25	176	-
1, 2, 3 (n = 315)	160	135	0.0544	150	165	0.624	45	270	0.715
Vanous invasion
0 (n = 365)	228	137	-	152	213	-	49	326	-
1 (n = 110)	65	45	-	60	50	-	14	90	-
2 (n = 33)	17	16	-	21	12	-	7	26	-
3 (n = 6)	5	1	-	3	3	-	0	6	-
0 (n = 365)	234	141	-	159	216	-	49	326	-
1, 2, 3 (n = 149)	81	58	0.625	77	62	0.0314	21	118	0.609

For all parameters, the classification into low/high was based on transforming growth factor beta 2 expression observed in immunohistochemical staining of the primary tumor. The P values for each parameter were the P values between the two groups, the low and high groups, for the cancer cell and cancer-associated fibroblast groups, respectively. In some parameters, some missing data of transforming growth factor beta 2 expression were deleted from the description. CAF: Cancer-associated fibroblast; TNM: Tumor-node-metastasis.

Table 2 Univariate and multivariate statistics with survival (Cox proportional hazard regression analysis model)

Variables		Univariate	Multivariate
		P value	HR (95%CI)	P value
OS	Gender	0.9314	-	-
	His (tub: 0, por/sig: 1)	0.1137	-	-
	pT (pT1-3 vs pT4)	< 0.001	2.201 (1.5260-3.175)	< 0.001
	pN (pN0 vs pN1-3)	< 0.001	1.412 (0.9173-2.173)	0.117
	M (M0 vs M1)	< 0.001	3.140 (2.0720-4.758)	< 0.001
	inf (inf a-b vs inf c)	0.1699	-	-
	ly (ly0 vs ly1-3)	< 0.001	1.807 (1.1400-2.865)	0.01187
	v (v0 vs v1-3)	< 0.001	1.235 (0.8764-1.739)	0.2281
	TGFβ2 expression on cancer cell	0.1964	-	-
	TGFβ2 expression on CAF	0.5104	-	-
	TGFβ2 expression high on cancer cell and low on CAF or the others	0.03974	1.448 (0.9596-2.186)	0.07776
RFS	Gender	0.7913	-	-
	His (tub: 0, por/sig: 1)	0.5772	-	-
	pT (pT1-3 vs pT4)	< 0.001	2.457 (1.733-3.482)	< 0.001
	pN (pN0 vs pN1-3)	< 0.001	1.682 (1.124-2.516)	0.0114
	inf (inf a-b vs inf c)	0.1504	-	-
	ly (ly0 vs ly1-3)	< 0.001	1.613 (1.054-2.468)	0.0276
	v (v0 vs v1-3)	< 0.001	1.467 (1.037-2.074)	0.03025
	TGFβ2 expression on cancer cell	0.1639	-	-
	TGFβ2 expression on CAF	0.7394	-	-
	TGFβ2 expression high on cancer cell and low on CAF or the others	0.02194	1.637 (1.077-2.489)	0.02113

Univariate analyses were performed on overall survival and recurrence-free survival in 2-presents statistics for each parameter. Multivariate analyses were then performed on all variables that showed significant differences in the univariate analyses, and their independence factors were examined using the Cox proportional hazards model. CI: Confidence interval; HR: Hazard ratio; OS: Overall survival; TGFβ2: Transforming growth factor beta 2; CAF: Cancer-associated fibroblast; RFS: Recurrence-free survival; inf: Infiltration; ly: Lymphatic invasion; v: Vanous invasion.