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World J Biol Chem. Sep 5, 2026; 17(3): 121664
Published online Sep 5, 2026. doi: 10.4331/wjbc.121664
Published online Sep 5, 2026. doi: 10.4331/wjbc.121664
Dual function of transforming growth factor beta 2 in the progression of gastric carcinoma
Daiki Imanishi, Hinano Nishikubo, Dongheng Ma, Tomoya Sano, Canfeng Fan, Takashi Sakuma, Masakazu Yashiro, Department of Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 5458585, Japan
Author contributions: Imanishi D performed the experiments of this study, interpreted the data and wrote the manuscript; Nishikubo H, Ma D, Sano T, and Fan C contributed to the immunohistochemical analysis; Sakuma T helped draft the manuscript; Yashiro M designed the experiments of this study, interpreted the data and edited the manuscript; and all authors thoroughly reviewed and endorsed the final manuscript.
AI contribution statement: AI tool were not used.
Supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research, No. 24K02525.
Institutional review board statement: This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Osaka Metropolitan University, approval No. 2022-111, No. 924, and No. 2022-077.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
Data sharing statement: Participants gave informed consent for data sharing.
Corresponding author: Masakazu Yashiro, MD, PhD, Department of Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 5458585, Japan. i21496f@omu.ac.jp
Received: April 1, 2026
Revised: May 11, 2026
Accepted: June 8, 2026
Published online: September 5, 2026
Processing time: 157 Days and 14 Hours
Revised: May 11, 2026
Accepted: June 8, 2026
Published online: September 5, 2026
Processing time: 157 Days and 14 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: The immunohistochemical analysis of gastric carcinoma (GC) was performed to clarify the clinical function of transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGFβ2) on the progression of GC. TGFβ2 expression on cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis and vascular invasion, but not with the T factor. Five-year survival of patients with TGFβ2-high on cancer cells and -low on CAFs was significantly worse in compared to the other group TGFβ2 on cancer cells might stimulates the cancer proliferation and invasion, but not TGFβ2 on CAFs. TGFβ2 high on cancer cells and low on CAF or others might be a promising prognostic factor for patients with GC.