Preoperative prehabilitation within enhanced recovery after surgery for postoperative frailty and functional recovery following laparoscopic colorectal cancer resection

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the two groups, n (%)/mean ± SD

Item	Control group (n = 91)	Experimental group (n = 91)	χ2/t	P value
Gender			0.200	0.655
Male	49 (53.85)	52 (57.14)
Female	42 (46.15)	39 (42.86)
Age (years)	62.10 ± 10.33	61.49 ± 7.83	0.445	0.657
BMI (kg/m²)	22.22 ± 2.61	22.28 ± 2.25	0.156	0.876
Underlying conditions
Hypertension	12 (13.19)	13 (14.29)	0.046	0.830
Diabetes	9 (9.89)	11 (12.09)	0.225	0.635
Hyperlipidemia	10 (10.99)	9 (9.89)	0.059	0.808
ASA classification			0.122	0.941
I	26 (28.57)	24 (26.37)
II	50 (54.95)	51 (56.04)
III	15 (16.48)	16 (17.58)
Tumor type			0.088	0.766
Colon cancer	40 (43.96)	43 (47.25)
Rectal cancer	51 (56.04)	48 (52.75)
Tumor stage			0.088	0.767
II	45 (49.45)	43 (47.25)
III	46 (50.55)	48 (52.75)

Between-group P values are not reported for baseline variables in randomized trials. BMI: Body mass index; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists.

Table 2 Comparison of gastrointestinal function recovery among patients, mean ± SD

Item	Control group (n = 91)	Experimental group (n = 91)	MD (95%CI)	P value
Time to return of bowel sounds (hours)	20.35 ± 6.75	15.86 ± 5.67	-4.49 (-6.30 to -2.68)	< 0.001
Time to first flatus (hours)	34.43 ± 9.16	30.77 ± 8.52	-3.66 (-6.23 to -1.09)	0.006
Time to first bowel movement (hours)	39.56 ± 8.35	36.05 ± 8.28	-3.51 (-5.93 to -1.09)	0.005
Time to first oral feeding (hours)	48.88 ± 9.81	44.81 ± 9.77	-4.07 (-6.91 to -1.22)	0.006
Postoperative hospital stay (days)	7.40 ± 2.19	5.90 ± 2.15	-1.50 (-2.13 to -0.87)	< 0.001

MD: Mean difference; CI: Confidence interval.

Table 3 Comparison of postoperative complication rates

Item	Control group (n = 91)	Experimental group (n = 91)	χ2	P value
Anastomotic fistula	1 (1.10)	0 (0.00)
Intestinal obstruction	2 (2.20)	0 (0.00)
Nausea and vomiting	3 (3.30)	1 (1.10)
Diarrhea	3 (3.30)	1 (1.10)
Total complications	9 (9.89)	2 (2.20)	4.741	0.029